<p>Wyaga Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at Millmerran Road, Wyaga near Goondiwindi, Goondiwindi Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 May 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wyaga is situated north-east of Goondiwindi and is thought to be one of the oldest cattle runs in the original Darling Downs district, when the Wyaga run of approximately 60 000 acres was leased by David Perrier in 1849.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1850s Wyaga had been acquired by Thomas de Lacy Moffatt, and W M Turner. Moffatt was the Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Western Downs from 1860 to 1864 and Colonial Treasurer from 1862 to 1864. In 1860 it was acquired by Donald Gunn senior. The improvements on the property included a woolshed and several huts. A homestead was built for Gunn from timber hand sawn on the property, with a shingle roof and using square, hand made nails.</p><br>
<p>Gunn sold Wyaga to the Holmes family, and the property passed through a number of hands before being acquired in the 1890s by Thomas Cook and Hugh Munro as part of their grazing empire. The property had been progressively reduced in area. After Thomas Cook&#39;s death in 1912, the property was bought by Munro. In 1913 a new partnership was created between Munro and Frederick Charles Turner. The Wyaga merino stud was founded in 1938. A number of outbuildings, including a new woolshed are believed to have been constructed in the 1930s. The partnership between Munro and Turner was dissolved in 1944, and the Wyaga Partnership created. By the 1950s Wyaga was running both cattle and sheep.</p><br>
<p>The homestead was substantially altered and extended, possibly during the 1950s. Wyaga remained in the Munro family until 1975. It was acquired by the present owners in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The core of the homestead consists of a simple north-south running rectangular plan with a verandah along the western frontage, and remains of a verandah along the eastern frontage. The end rooms have been altered and extended, however the central living and dining rooms remain mostly intact. These rooms have double leaf french doors, with louvres to the outer leaf and glazed timber doors to the inner leaf; the doors have casement fanlights above. The interiors are lined with wide horizontal painted timbers, and boarded ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The western wall has deep chamferboards which may be pit-sawn. The verandah has been closed in with flyscreen, but retains its splayed, chamfered verandah posts. The eastern verandah has been extended out to the east to form part of a large living room; the verandah posts, also splayed and chamfered, are now in the centre of this room, which links the original homestead remains to the rest of the later additions.</p><br>
<p>An appreciation of the overall form of the house, including the now corrugated iron-clad gambrel roof, can be gleaned from the west, and a substantial brick chimney rises above the ridge of the roof.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Wyaga Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 May 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The surviving sections of the Wyaga Homestead demonstrate a now rare aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage, in particular, 19th century building practices which are no longer in common use. The surviving sections of the homestead have the potential to contribute to an understanding of the development of building technology in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The surviving sections of the Wyaga Homestead demonstrate a now rare aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage, in particular, 19th century building practices which are no longer in common use.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The surviving sections of the homestead have the potential to contribute to an understanding of the development of building technology in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Cameron&#39;s 1 Ton Survey Post is a heritage-listed survey marker at the Barwon River, Mungindi, Shire of Balonne, Queensland, Australia. It was established in 1882. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cameron&#39;s 1 Ton Survey post was erected in about 1882 on the bank of the Barwon River and marks the official survey of the border between Queensland and New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>The need for an official survey of the border had been recognised for many years but the work was not begun until mid 1879, when officers from both colonies met at the town of Barringun in New South Wales which was close to the border (Latitude 29°S). The surveyors were JB Cameron and J Conder, Trigonometrical Surveyors, from New South Wales and GC Watson, Surveying Commissioner of Crown Lands, Warrego District, from Queensland.</p><br>
<p>John Brewer Cameron was born in Scotland and immigrated to Victoria with his family in 1853. Noted for being athletic and adventurous, he travelled first to the Victorian goldfields and then to New Zealand. Returning to Victoria, he joined a government geodetic surveying party working in the area near Mount Baw Baw. This experience decided him to take up a career in surveying. Following his training, he went to Fiji as a surveyor in 1869, then returned in 1872 to Victoria where he specialised in surveying and geodesy. By 1879 he was a First Class surveyor in the Trigonometrical branch of the NSW Lands Department and a member of the Royal Geographical Society of New South Wales. In this year he undertook his most notable commission, to survey the border between Queensland and New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>The survey work began at Zero Obelisk at Barringun, the division of work between the surveyors being described by Cameron in a letter to his uncle, Ewen Cameron:Mr Watson is responsible for chainage while I am for the astronomical portion in finding true meridian, giving true bearing, setting off the chords, and finding latitude at every convenient site.After observations at Barringun to determine the latitude, the team began surveying the border in a westerly direction to the intersection with the border with South Australia at Longitude 141° E, known as Cameron&#39;s Corner. This was a distance of 235 miles over difficult country. Watson and Cameron did not get on and they had to contend first with flooding in both the Warrego and Paroo systems and then drought. Health problems and shortages of both food and water added to their problems. Watson withdrew at the one hundred mile post, but Cameron was determined to carry on. This section of the survey took 12 months and 15 days to complete and details of it were given in the first Annual Report of the NSW Department of Lands 1880 Appendix 1.</p><br>
<p>In 1881 Cameron returned to Barringun to survey the easterly section to the Barwon River. This 200 mile survey was easier with good water and grass available throughout. When the survey was complete Cameron commemorated the event by placing a wooden post weighing one ton and carved with his name on the river bank. It became known as Cameron&#39;s 1 Ton Survey Post. Although this was not the first border survey, it was the official survey.</p><br>
<p>In 1883 Cameron moved to New Guinea where he carried out important surveys under the direction of Sir William MacGregor. He died on 30 December 1897 in Brisbane during a return trip to New Guinea and is buried in the Toowong Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cameron&#39;s 1 Ton Survey Post is a timber post 2.7 metres high and roughly square in section and is shaped into a pyramid at the top. It is carved with "J. CAMERON GS" running upwards on one face and "LAT 29 " on another.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cameron&#39;s 1 Ton Survey Post was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cameron&#39;s 1 Ton Survey Post marks the first official survey of the border between what were then the separate colonies of New South Wales and Queensland when an accurate definition of the border was important for legal and economic reasons. It illustrates a remarkable feat of surveying in the nineteenth century and is a reminder of the extraordinarily difficult conditions under which many early surveyors worked.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Cameron&#39;s 1 Ton Survey Post is rare as one of the largest timber survey posts in Australia and marks the termination of the survey by John Cameron, at Latitude 29°.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a commemoration of once of his most notable accomplishments, the survey post has an important association with the life and work of John Brewer Cameron, whose work contributed to the development of Australia.</p><br>
<p>The Anchorage is a heritage-listed homestead at Wagoo Road, St George, Shire of Balonne, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1903 by Arthur Bennett. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Anchorage is a two-storied timber house built in 1903 for Andrew William Nixon.</p><br>
<p>The district in which The Anchorage homestead is located was first explored in 1846 by Sir Thomas Mitchell, Surveyor-General of New South Wales, while trying to find a route from Sydney to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Mitchell established a base camp on the site of the present town of St George and in April 1846 St George crossing was named after Mitchell discovered the Balonne River on St George&#39;s Day.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, in 1848, the New South Wales Government granted the first St George leases to settlers who established cattle and sheep runs in the area, but it was not until 1863 (after the separation of Queensland) that St George was surveyed as a township. Although the effects of droughts and floods as well as frontier hostilities initially hindered the development of St George, it was described in Pughs Almanac of 1880 as "a thriving township". By 1888, St George was "a large township" and Pughs Almanac considered it to be "the centre of a flourishing pastoral district". The 1880s was a period of growth in St George and was at that time a place of opportunity for new arrivals.</p><br>
<p>Andrew William Nixon was one who found success in the district. He was born to Scottish parents at Adelong in New South Wales in 1854. Nixon was apprenticed as a blacksmith in Corowa before moving to Melbourne and then to Jerilderie where he established his own blacksmithing business around the time the Kelly gang of bushrangers was in the area. By 1882, Nixon had made his way to St George with his family and was working in the district on contract work, including the construction of the first bridge across the Balonne River in 1890. Nixon reputedly amassed a small fortune from his contracting and having previously obtained shares in the Australian Steam Sawmills on the Balonne River, he eventually bought out the other shareholders and developed the sawmills into a profitable business. Towards the end of the 19th century, the mills became less viable as the supply of timber in the area diminished and Nixon redirected his energies towards agricultural pursuits. He accordingly purchased 320 acres upon which he erected a homestead and made a viable living from cultivating the land. He then took up about 90,000 acres in the surrounding district, some of which had originally formed part of the "Cypress Downs" and "Mona" stations. This acquisition allowed Nixon to expand his pastoral enterprise and its location near the Balonne River provided water for both irrigation and for the steam engines of his sawmill, which today remain on the property.</p><br>
<p>Nixon began construction of The Anchorage in 1903, situated on a 16,000 acre parcel of land on the western bank of the Balonne River and surrounded by a plantation of orchard trees and a flower garden. It was reputedly his third house in the area and is constructed primarily from local cypress pine, which was milled in the Australian Steam Sawmills under the direct supervision of Nixon. Built by Arthur Bennett, this grand house was a reflection of the development of St George by the early 20th century, as well as an indication of Nixons personal burgeoning fortune. The 12 rooms of the homestead were apt accommodation for Nixons large family, and were described in The History of Queensland by Matthew Fox as:"large, lofty, and well- ventilated, every attention having been paid to the important considerations of health and comfort in their design. The additional offices and outhouses have also been planned with a view to convenience and fitness, each for the purpose to which it is allotted".Nixon remained for many years an active participant in local community life, serving at various times on the Balonne Shire Council and the local hospital board, as well as vice-president of the Balonne Pastoral and Agricultural Association and a number of other community groups. Following Nixon&#39;s death in 1951, The Anchorage estate passed to his son, Andrew William Nixon, as administrator of his will. Andrew William Nixon junior died in 1962, after which title is registered in 1969 in the names of his siblings, Marston Alma Nixon, Isabella Ellen Nixon and Charles David Nixon. When Charles David Nixon passed away in 1970, title to his portion of the land was bequeathed to his sisters as joint owners, before Isabella Ellen Nixon was registered as the sole owner of the property in 1974. Four years later, title was transferred to Gureba Pty Ltd, a holding company for SH Andersen & Sons, after which it became a sheep and cattle property, before passing to other owners.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Anchorage property is situated on Wagoo Road in the Balonne Shire of south-western Queensland. The residence&#39;s front facade looks across the road to the Balonne River, as it winds its way north-east out of the town of St George. St George is approximately 116km south of Surat, which is 80km south of Roma.</p><br>
<p>The Anchorage is a two-storey timber house raised off the ground by low stumps. Its core is L-shaped and has a hipped roof. On the ground floor a kitchen in the western corner fills the "L" to make a square, and is separated from the main part of the house by a breezeway. It is roofed separately with a simple hip. Generous verandahs surround the main part of the house and are also roofed separately. They connect to each end of the breezeway. All roofs are clad in corrugated galvanised iron. On the upper level the verandah edges are made with cast iron balusters and baluster panels, and tapering stop-chamfered timber posts. Below, fitted between each post, are deep, arched valances made of lattice. These have cast iron fringes and brackets.</p><br>
<p>The exterior walls to the main house and the kitchen are clad in chamferboards. The verandah floors are lined with shot-edge timber boards. The ceilings to the lower level verandahs are also lined with timber boards. On the upper level, the underside of the verandah roof is unlined and the rafters are exposed. The front door is on the eastern facade, which looks across to the road and the river beyond. The door is low waisted with four panels, and surrounded by glass and timber sidelights, and a pivoting glass fanlight. The windows opening onto the ground floor rooms of the main house are large double-hung sashes, with a single pane in each sash.</p><br>
<p>Inside, on the ground floor, the main core of the house consists of four large rooms disposed either side of a central hallway. This hallway opens, at the end opposite to the main door, into the breezeway that separates the main house from the kitchen. A cedar stairway leads from this hall to the level above, completing its half-turn using winders. The joinery throughout the house is cedar, but it is otherwise constructed with the pine, possibly cypress, cut and milled by the owner&#39;s company. There is a further straight stair situated on the rear, north-western verandah. On the upper level there are six rooms disposed around the hallway, two to the right after leaving the stair, and four to the left. Each room opens onto the encircling verandahs, as do each end of the hallway.</p><br>
<p>A small skillion-roofed structure has been attached to the rear, north-western facade of the house. Also, in the yard area adjacent to the south-western facade of the kitchen, is situated a small meat house. This structure has a pyramid roof clad in corrugated iron, and supported in part by chamferboard clad walls and timber posts. A narrow zone between the underside of the roof and the wall cladding is open to encourage ventilation.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Anchorage was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Anchorage demonstrates the development of the St George district in the early 20th century, being a modern and quite urban homestead built on what was one of the first properties producing commercial agricultural crops in the area. It is also of interest as the home of Andrew William Nixon, a saw miller, who personally selected and supervised the cutting of timber used in its manufacture, thus providing an example of building practices in this era.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Anchorage has considerable aesthetic appeal as a well-designed and constructed building made of local materials and as a grand house designed in response to contemporary views regarding health and climate.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Anchorage is important for its association with Andrew William Nixon, a local pioneer and influential member of the community who made a considerable contribution to the development of the district.</p><br>
<p>Bullamon Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at Moonie River, Thallon, Shire of Balonne, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1860s circa to 1880s circa. It is also known as Gerar. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 June 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bullamon Homestead, on the Moonie River 1km southwest of Thallon, was established by the early 1860s, being marked on Surveyor Francis Thomas Gregory&#39;s map of the district drawn in April 1864. In the 1880s Bullamon was head station for the largest aggregation of leases ever recorded in Balonne Shire. The name is understood to mean "biggest waterhole", and the homestead is located on a large sandy ridge above the Moonie River.</p><br>
<p>Scattered settlement had spread north from the Liverpool Plains to the Moonie River area as early as the mid-1840s. The Maranoa, a vast area of first-class grazing land watered by the Moonie, Balonne, Narran and Culgoa rivers, was gazetted a pastoral district in 1848, following Sir Thomas Mitchell&#39;s exploration of the area in 1845-46. A grab for land ensued and by 1862, the whole of the Maranoa had been taken up as pastoral runs.</p><br>
<p>Bullamon Homestead was erected on Gerar, a small sheep run of just over 20 square miles, first leased to Richard Bligh in 1857, but transferred in 1859 and again in 1860, before taken up by Leonard McKay in 1864. In 1866 the lease was transferred to John McKay & James McCormick. Duncan Forbes McKay, grazier, and his young family were resident at Bullamon by at least October 1866, and it is likely the log house had been constructed by this time. By 1868 Bullamon Homestead supported the McKay family, an overseer, 4 drovers, 2 contractors (probably ringbarking or fencing), a storekeeper and a blacksmith. The lease was transferred to DF McKay in 1873, by which time he also owned Nindi-gully homestead on the Ana Ninghan East run on the Moonie River, north of Gerar, and held the leases to several other runs in the area and along the Culgoa River. By 1874 McKay was based at Nindi-gully, and his general manager, William Turnbull, occupied Bullamon Homestead. About 1876 James Hill replaced Turnbull as manager at Bullamon, and two of his infant sons who died in 1877 and 1882 lie buried near the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1880 McKay sold the Gerar lease and Bullamon Homestead to Hurtle Fisher of Melbourne. In the early 1880s, Melbourne brothers Charles Brown and Hurtle Fisher, who already held extensive pastoral leases in South Australia, Victoria, and the Darling Downs, purchased the leases of various small Maranoa runs totalling over 2 million acres, known locally as "Fisher Country". Although not in partnership (Charles operated his Queensland interests as CB Fisher & Co. and Hurtle was in partnership with James Hill of Adelaide as Fisher & Hill) Charles backed Fisher & Hill financially.</p><br>
<p>The largest of their aggregations in what later became Balonne Shire was Fisher & Hill&#39;s Bullamon. When consolidated in July 1888 under the provisions of the 1884 Crown Lands Act, Bullamon comprised 42 runs in the Moonie River area and totalled approximately 878,720 acres. Bullamon Homestead was the head station for this group, with buildings valued at £2,000 in September 1887. There were two outstations: Nindi-gully on Ana Ninghan East run and Bandy Andy on Minimi. Following consolidation the property was divided, with nearly 780 square miles resumed for grazing farms and 593 square miles, including Bullamon Homestead, retained by Fisher & Hill as leasehold.</p><br>
<p>The Fishers had bought into the Maranoa in the early 1880s during good seasons. However, severe drought in 1883-84 followed by widespread depression in the pastoral industry post-1885, forced CB Fisher to float the Fisher brothers Queensland properties as the Australian Pastoral Company Limited in England in 1888. By 1890 the Company controlled all the Fishers vast Maranoa holdings: Noondoo (over 790,000 acres); Cubbie (over 413,000 acres); Gnoolooma (over 218,000); Doondi (over 635,000 acres); and largest of all, Bullamon, acquired in January 1889, to which was added Hollymount, Burgorah, Weeyan and Wagoo (totalling 1,044,000 acres). During the 1890s, the Company ran up to 1,000,000 sheep and operated 7 big shearing sheds and 3 woolscours on "The Group". The general manager resided at Noondoo Homestead, which was more central to the Company&#39;s holdings than Bullamon. In the early 1890s the Company made substantial improvements, including re-roofing a number of Bullamon buildings with corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>Of all the Australian Pastoral Companys holdings, the Bullamon aggregation was most prone to flood, drought and prickly pear, and made constant losses through the 1890s and early 1900s. Floods in 1890 sent 1.3 metres of water through the Bullamon Homestead residence and drowned 60,000 of the leaseholds 125,000 sheep. After the 1902 drought Bullamon was shut down and remained unstocked until seasonal conditions improved.</p><br>
<p>Small resumptions were made in the 1890s and in 1904 a further 133 square miles was taken. In 1910 the St George Progress Association requested that the government resume all of Bullamon, much of which was thickly infested with prickly pear, for closer settlement. In 1914, 200 square miles was surrendered to the government, leaving the Australian Pastoral Co. with 240 square miles, most of which had been ringbarked and kept free of prickly pear. By the 1960s all of the Bullamon leasehold had been converted to grazing farms. Bullamon Homestead was acquired in the late 1960s by a new owner, who occupied the s residence until 1985.</p><br>
<p>Before 1911, when the South Western railway line was extended to Thallon, Bullamon was a Cobb & Co stop and stabled horses for them from at least 1898 through to 1912. The homestead was also on the mail service from St George to Mungindi in the early years of the 20th century. Today, the homestead is located on the Carnarvon Highway, the principal highway from New South Wales to St George and western Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bullamon Homestead site extends about 150 metres along the east bank of the Moonie River, and encompasses a residence, associated buildings and foundations, and an extensive garden. The outbuildings include a bath house, tank stand, and out house. There are the remains of a brick drain water reticulation system for the gardens.</p><br>
<p>The house originally consisted of a two-roomed building of dropped-log construction (probably Cypress pine), with a hipped, shingled roof and verandahs on all sides. This core, with its massive timber uprights, horizontal dropped logs, and shingled roof, survives, and sits on the original bedlogs. Other evidence of early construction includes treenails, adzed timber and an early system for barring the doors with internal metal fittings.</p><br>
<p>A s corrugated iron roof has been placed over the shingle roof, and there are two false dormer vents in the corrugated iron roof near the chimneys of the kitchen and living room.</p><br>
<p>The interior and some of the exterior walls are lined with wide, horizontal tongue and groove boards, at a later date to the original construction, probably 1870s or 1880s. The living room ceiling is angled above door height matching the angle of the original roofline. Several early doorways are boarded over with the tongue and groove lining and the kitchen has a later flat, boarded ceiling.</p><br>
<p>A later partition in the northern room, now the lounge room, forms a central hallway. The southern room is a kitchen. There is a brick fireplace and chimney in the north wall of the lounge room and in the south wall of the kitchen. The kitchen fireplace has been replaced with a stove recess containing a Crown wood stove, in the western wall of the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>Sections of the verandahs have been enclosed variously with corrugated iron, timber and gauze as bedrooms: two rooms on the north verandah, each with a hessian ceiling and one with canvas lining to the walls; an adjacent bedroom on the northern end of the west verandah; a room on the south verandah; and another at the southern end of the east verandah.</p><br>
<p>There are a number of outbuildings associated with the residence. The bath house, of timber-framed weatherboards with a corrugated iron roof, is a later structure to the residence. There is an early square tank stand nearby. A two-seater weatherboard outhouse has a square pyramid roof of corrugated iron with a wood finial. To the south of the out house is a small burial ground containing the graves of two children buried in 1877 and 1882. Further south are the remains of a gardener&#39;s hut. The remains of an extensive garden are visible. Ornamental gardens to the east and north of the house remain along with remnants of the brick irrigation drains which supported a large vegetable garden. North of the house are the possible footings and brick hearth of another early building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bullamon Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 June 1996 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Bullamon Homestead is important in illustrating the pattern of Queensland history, being closely associated with the establishment of pastoralism in the Moonie River district in the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The residence at Bullamon Homestead offers rare evidence in Queensland of early bush construction technology employing dropped-logs, treenails, adzed timber uprights, bedlogs and shingle roofing.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Bullamon Homestead has the potential to yield information on other aspects of early settler life and building construction on the Queensland frontier.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Bullamon Homestead retains a substantially intact mid-19th century timber residence and evidence of its associated gardens, including a brick irrigation system, and is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a remote early head station in southwest Queensland. The small, unpretentious, two-roomed timber house, constructed and adapted in the mid-19th century, illustrates its role as a manager&#39;s residence as well as the remoteness of the location at the time of construction.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Bullamon Homestead has a special association for the local community with the early establishment of pastoralism as the dominant economic activity in the Moonie River district, and features prominently in local histories.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>In particular, the place has a strong association with the important pastoral pursuits of the Fisher brothers and their Australian Pastoral Co. Ltd from the early 1880s to the middle of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Zero Obelisk is a heritage-listed survey marker on the east bank of the Warrego River, Barringun, Shire of Paroo, Queensland, Australia. It was established in 1879. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. The Zero Obelisk marks the beginning of the first official survey of the border between the colonies of Queensland and New South Wales in 1879-80.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Surveyors</h3><br>
<p>The need for an official survey of the border had been recognised for many years but the work was not begun until mid 1879, when officers from both colonies met at the telegraph station at Barringun in New South Wales which was close to the border (Latitude 29°S). The surveyors were JB Cameron and J Conder, Trigonometrical Surveyors, from New South Wales and GC Watson, Surveying Commissioner of Crown Lands, Warrego District, from Queensland.</p><br>
<p>John Brewer Cameron was born in Scotland and immigrated to Victoria with his family in 1853. Noted for being athletic and adventurous, he travelled first to the Victorian goldfields and then to New Zealand. Returning to Victoria, he joined a government geodetic surveying party working in the area near Mount Baw Baw. This experience led him to decide to take up a career in surveying. He went to Fiji as a surveyor in 1869, then returned in 1872 to Victoria where he specialised in surveying and geodesy. By 1879 he was a First Class surveyor in the Trigonometrical branch of the New South Wales Lands Department and a member of the Royal Geographical Society of New South Wales. In this year he undertook his most notable commission, to survey the border between Queensland and New South Wales.</p><br>
<h3>Survey</h3><br>
<p>The survey work began at Zero Obelisk at Barringun, the division of work between the surveyors being described by Cameron in a letter to his uncle, Ewen Cameron:Mr Watson is responsible for chainage while I am for the astronomical portion in finding true meridian, giving true bearing, setting off the chords, and finding latitude at every convenient site.After observations at Barringun to determine the latitude, the team began surveying the border in a westerly direction to the intersection with the border with South Australia at Longitude 141° E, known as Cameron&#39;s Corner. This was a distance of 235 miles over difficult country. Watson and Cameron did not get on and they had to contend first with flooding in both the Warrego and Paroo systems and then drought. Health problems and shortages of both food and water added to their problems. Watson withdrew at the one hundred mile post due to lack of water, but Cameron was determined to carry on. This section of the survey took 12 months and 15 days to complete and details of it were given in the first Annual Report of the NSW Department of Lands 1880 Appendix 1.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, Cameron returned to Barringun to survey the easterly section to the Barwon River. This 200 mile survey was easier with good water and grass available throughout. When the survey was complete Cameron commemorated the event by placing a wooden post carved with his name on the river bank (Cameron&#39;s 1 Ton Survey Post). Although this was not the first border survey, it was the official survey.</p><br>
<p>In 1883, Cameron moved to New Guinea where he carried out important surveys under the direction of Sir William MacGregor. He died on 30 December 1897 in Brisbane during a return trip to New Guinea and is buried in the Toowong Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Zero Obelisk at Barringun is a truncated pyramid of concrete render over stone, measuring 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 metres marking the Queensland - New South Wales border at Barringun. Part of an inscription on the Queensland side which reads "G. WAT" (George Chale Watson) is still visible.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Zero Obelisk was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Zero Obelisk, Barringun marks the first official survey of the border between what were then the separate colonies of New South Wales and Queensland when an accurate definition of the border was important for legal and economic reasons. It illustrates a remarkable feat of surveying in the nineteenth century and is a reminder of the extraordinarily difficult conditions under which many early surveyors worked.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Zero Obelisk is one of the few extant physical reminders of the official survey undertaking to mark the Queensland - New South Wales border.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a commemoration of one of his most notable accomplishments, the obelisk has an important association with the life and career of JB Cameron and other surveyors, whose work contributed to the development of Australia.</p><br>
<p>Paroo Shire Honour Board is a heritage-listed memorial at the Civic Centre, Louise Street, Cunnamulla, Shire of Paroo, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1918 by Wunderlich. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Paroo Honour Board commemorates those from Paroo Shire who served in World War I and was unveiled in 1918 by the then Queensland Governor, Sir Hamilton John Goold-Adams. It was originally located in the old Paroo Shire Hall, but is now in the current Civic Centre.</p><br>
<p>Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War. The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of war on a young nation. Australia lost 60,000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation.</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead, but also those who fought and returned. Australians were proud that their first great national army was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they paid the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit.</p><br>
<p>Many communities honoured their volunteers after the war ended, but the Paroo board is early and was installed before the close of hostilities. It has the date of the commencement of the war, 1914, on the left hand side of the memorial, but the corresponding space on the other side is empty. Spaces have also been left for names to be added. The design selected is a handsome, but standard type of Wunderlich honour board found in a number of other towns in Queensland. It commemorates all those from Paroo Shire who served in World War I, the dead not being indicated in any way.</p><br>
<p>Beneath the standard words "Roll of Honor" and British and Australian flags is a plaque on which "Paroo Shire" is encircled by the commemorative inscriptions "Brave hearts and true, God guide them" and "Shall their sacrifice be in vain?" This is an uncommon challenge; a more usual inscription on similar Wunderlich honour boards is Those who answered the Empires call&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The Honour Board was relocated to the public foyer of the new Civic Centre in 1971. This was officially opened by the then Queensland Premier, Hon Joh Bjelke-Petersen on 23 April 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Paroo Honour Board is a panel of pressed copper; richly decorated in low relief with patriotic symbols such as flags, laurel wreaths and cannons. This decoration provides a rich frame for columns of names, each on an individual brass strip. The honour board is mounted on a marble slab, measuring 1.82 x 1.55 metres, which is in turn mounted on a wooden frame with a bronze edge trim.</p><br>
<p>A total of 370 names of those who served in World War I are listed alphabetically with further spaces indicating that hostilities had not yet ceased at that time. In the tradition of memorials, the rank of the deceased is not indicated.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Paroo Shire Honour Board was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>War memorials, including honour boards, especially those dating from the Boer and First World Wars, are a local tribute to war dead and are an important element of Queensland towns and cities. They represent a conscious expression of emerging Australian nationhood and reflect public taste and social attitudes of their time. Such memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It has an unusual inscription that has not been found on another honour board in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The memorials manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period.</p><br>
<p>Unveiled in 1918, the Paroo Shire Honour Board is an intact example of a lavish, though typical Wunderlich honour board; richly decorated, it is a good example of the work of this firm.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Unveiled in 1918, the Paroo Shire Honour Board is an intact example of a lavish, though typical Wunderlich honour board; richly decorated, it is a good example of the work of this firm.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Paroo Shire Honour Board has strong association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event. It is also associated with the work of Wunderlich, a company that was part of the fabric of the Australian building industry for much of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The Robbers Tree is a heritage-listed tree at Stockyard Street, Cunnamulla, Shire of Paroo, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although the Warrego River district in southwest Queensland was explored briefly by Thomas Mitchell in 1846 and Edmund Kennedy in 1847, the main impetus for pastoral development of the Warrego occurred in the 1860s, following William Landsborough&#39;s exploration of the area in 1862 during his search for the ill-fated Burke and Wills expedition. In 1862 Landsborough and his second in command, George Bourne, both published journals of their expedition from the Gulf of Carpentaria south to Melbourne, identifying good pastoral land along the Warrego River.</p><br>
<p>In 1867 a petition was presented to the Queensland Parliament seeking the establishment of a town reserve at the intersection of two main stock routes beside the Warrego River, and the township of Cunnamulla was surveyed the same year. The name is thought to be an Aboriginal term meaning "long stretch of water".</p><br>
<p>By 1871 Cunnamulla had a population of 45. The town grew slowly in the 1870s, gaining momentum toward the end of the decade. A court house reserve was surveyed in 1874, and the 1874 Postal Directory lists a police magistrate who also conducted the court of petty sessions, a police inspector, a post master and a poundkeeper. A branch of the Queensland Government Savings Bank also operated by this date. The Cunnamulla State School was established in 1878, and in 1879 the Paroo Divisional Board, based at Cunnamulla, was proclaimed. The period 1880 to 1900 was one of consolidation for the town, which became the service centre for an expanding pastoral district. Cobb & Co began to run passenger coaches from Charleville to Cunnamulla in 1881, and gained the mail contract in 1883. By 1881 two banks were operating in the town, the Queensland National Bank established by January 1880, and the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney, opened in 1880. The town became a railhead in the late 1890s when the Western railway line arrived in the town from Charleville.</p><br>
<p>In 1880 an incident occurred that provided the township of Cunnamulla with considerable publicity. On 16 January 1880 Joseph Wells, a station hand, robbed the Queensland National Bank at Cunnamulla at gunpoint. The alarm was raised and as Wells was about to leave the bank, storekeeper William Murphy from next door attempted to restrain him and in the scuffle, was shot accidentally in the shoulder. This allowed Wells to escape from the bank, only to find that a crowd of onlookers was gathering outside.</p><br>
<p>As he tried to leave the scene on horseback, the horses bridle broke and, in desperation, the robber ran toward the outskirts of the town. Amongst the crowd of onlookers were two men with unloaded guns, who gave chase. Turning on them and threatening to shoot if they didnt retreat, Wells ran into the bush.</p><br>
<p>The police were alerted and organised an intensive search for the robber, who may have escaped detection but for the persistence of a sheep dog which had followed Wells&#39; scent and sat barking under a tree. On investigating, the local police sergeant discovered that Wells had taken refuge in the branches of the tree, where he was well camouflaged.</p><br>
<p>Wells was arrested and stood trial in Toowoomba, charged with armed robbery with wounding. He was found guilty and received the maximum penalty, death. Because of the accidental nature of Murphys wounding and the fact that Wells had not had legal representation during his trial, opponents of capital punishment, including several Members of Parliament, appealed to the Full Court on Wells behalf. Despite these appeals and much debate about capital punishment in the Queensland press, Wells was executed on 22 March 1880. However, the saga had its legacy, with Wells becoming the last man to be executed for armed robbery with wounding in Queensland. One of his supporters, Arthur Rutledge MLA, on becoming Attorney General (November 1883 to June 1888), legislated to have armed robbery removed from the list of capital offences in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The tree in which Wells hid has become integrally associated with the robber&#39;s story and its outcome, and is a feature of interest to tourists.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Robber&#39;s Tree is situated on the outskirts of Cunnamulla at the southern end of Stockyard Street, near the corner of Bedford Street, on a low sand ridge. A low fence of metal posts and wire has been constructed around it.</p><br>
<p>The tree is a mature specimen, said to be a Cypress Pine (Callitris cupressiformis), measuring 15 metres high in 1979. The Cypress Pine is an Australian native, resistant to dry, sandy conditions, and is found in all Australian states.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Robbers Tree was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Local legend connects this tree with the story of a robbery in Cunnamulla in 1880, which had repercussions for the practice of capital punishment in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Robber&#39;s Tree is significant for its strong social value to the community as the focus of a local bushranger legend in southwest Queensland and it has become a feature of interest to tourists.</p><br>
<p>Orie J. Smith Black and White Stock Farm Historic District is a historic farm and national historic district located near Kirksville, Adair County, Missouri. The district encompasses six contributing buildings and one contributing structures on a farm about three miles northeast of Kirksville. It developed between 1910 and 1919, and features a round bank barn with a self-supporting dome roof, constructed in 1913. The other contributing resources in the district are the farmhouse, an American Foursquare with Prairie School affinities , a granary , a poultry house  and two ice houses , and a concrete bridge </p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The bank barn and surrounding property is the current venue for the Round Barn Blues Festival, a semi-annual music festival bringing in local talent, as well as performers from around the region and the country. The festival is held during the first Saturday of every April or May, and the last Saturday of every September.</p><br>
<p>Cabins Historic District is a national historic district located near Novinger, Adair County, Missouri. The district encompasses nine contributing buildings, three contributing sites, four contributing structures, and one contributing object in a relatively isolated area near Novinger. It developed between about 1829 and 1865 and was one of the earliest settlements in the interior of northeast Missouri. It includes five antebellum structures surrounded by forests and farm land. They are the John B. Cain House, the Asa King Collett House, the Ira R. Collett House and its poultry house and summer kitchen. Other notable contributing resources include the Conner Tannery site, the Collett Spring, the site of Fort Clark, the site of Camp Collett, the Collett Cemetery, and Native American burial mounds.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Walnut Park Farm Historic District, also known as the R.L. McDonald Farm, Country Club Farm, Creek Farm, and Schreiber Farm, is a historic farm and national historic district located near St. Joseph, Andrew County, Missouri. The district encompasses four contributing buildings, one contributing site, and one contributing structure on a livestock breeding farm near St. Joseph. It developed between about 1870 and 1914, and includes a brick, 1 1/2-story gabled ell residence , an L-form basement barn , a stable , root cellar , and the site of an enclosed track and show ring where the farm&#39;s purebred horses were trained and shown to prospective buyers .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Atchison County Memorial Building is a historic building located at Rock Port, Atchison County, Missouri. It was built in 1919, and is a two-story, Classical Revival style reinforced concrete building on a raised basement. It measures approximately 107 feet deep and 63 feet wide. The front facade features four fluted Doric order columns that support an entabulature and frieze. It was built with support from the Missouri General Assembly to serve as a World War I memorial and a community centre.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Atchison County Memorial Building Foundation</h2><br>
<p>The is owned and operated by the Atchison County Memorial Building Foundation, a 501(c)(3) organization founded in 2003 and governed by a nine-member Board of Directors elected from the general membership. Individual membership is $15 each and business membership is $100 each. The Foundation meets the first Tuesday of each month with an annual meeting held the first Saturday of April. Three are from each of the three school districts in the county. The Foundation exists for the sole purpose of supporting the building and the services and programming associated with it.</p><br>
<h2>Walk of Honor</h2><br>
<p>Hardin Cox, a past board member, originated the idea of selling inscribed bricks on a memorial wall as a fundraiser for the Memorial Building Foundation. This fundraiser evolved into the. Over two thousand bricks have been purchased to date, and over $264,000 was raised by the sale of bricks to complete the Walk of Honor in November 2008. The Board is continuing to market the bricks as a way to remember a loved one who served in the military. The bricks that are sold go toward the renovation expenses of the building. A 4"x 8" brick is $250, a 8" x 8" brick is $450, and a 16" x 16" brick is $1200.</p><br>
<h2>Liberty Theatre</h2><br>
<p>The is located on the second floor. The theatre was reopened in 2005, and since then more than forty community theatre shows and other events have taken place.</p><br>
<p>The Macktown Historic District is a national historic district encompassing the remains of the Macktown settlement in Winnebago County, Illinois. Established in the late 1830s at the confluence of the Pecatonica and Rock Rivers, Macktown was one of the first settlements in northern Illinois. The community was a major trading post along the Galena&ndash;Chicago Trail and was the site of the region&#39;s first bridge across the Rock River.</p><br>
<p>Two buildings remain standing from the original settlement. The Stephen Mack House, a Greek Revival structure built in 1839, was the home of eponymous Macktown founder and Winnebago County pioneer Stephen Mack. The Whitman Trading Post is a limestone building completed in 1846.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 5, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Royal Mail Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at Archernar Street, Hungerford, Shire of Bulloo, Queensland, Australia. It was built from onwards. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 August 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Royal Mail Hotel was granted its first license in 1874, a year before Hungerford was gazetted as a township. The town lies on the border between Queensland and New South Wales, on the east bank of the Paroo River, and was a customs post on an important early stock route running between Queensland and the markets in Victoria and South Australia.</p><br>
<p>In the 1830s pastoral settlement in New South Wales pushed northwards and in the early 1840s sheep runs were established on the Darling Downs. In the 1850s and 1860s the pastoral industry continued to expand in what became the colony of Queensland in 1859. Once pastoral stations had been established in Queensland, the transport flow began to reverse as products in the form of wool and livestock were moved to southern markets. The Victorian gold rush greatly increased the demand for beef from the 1850s. One major north-south stock route connected north west Queensland with Victoria following natural watercourses. It began in the Gulf country and passed through Cloncurry and Longreach, down the Thompson to the vicinity of Windorah, south to Hungerford and Bourke, then down the Darling River to Wilcannia and overland to Hay.</p><br>
<p>Hungerford is approximately 200 km south of Cunnamulla and the same distance north of Bourke in New South Wales. It is named after Thomas Hungerford, later a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, who camped there with his brother while in the district and early references to the place are as "Hungerford&#39;s Camp". Being on a major route and near a watercourse, it was an excellent location for a wayside inn, catering for drovers and carriers as well as pastoral workers. Such inns provided food and accommodation for people and horses and it was usually possible to obtain the services of a blacksmith, leave or collect messages and gain information on the condition of the road ahead. Hotels were also an important source of company and conviviality in isolated areas. Their services made the development of regular supply routes possible, which made a major contribution to the way in which areas were opened up for European settlement.</p><br>
<p>The first license for the Royal Mail Hotel was issued to John George Cooke on 6 November 1874. He was also the postmaster following an earlier attempt to set up a service based on a property at "Hoodsville", a few miles away. The name of the hotel is particularly apt as several publicans served in this capacity over the years, besides supporting a later Cobb & Co mail and passenger service. The first post office was established at "Hungerfords" on 1 January 1876. The mail delivery contract was won by Michael McAuliffe who travelled between Bourke, Hoodsville and Hungerfords via Ford&#39;s Bridge, Yantabulla and Brindingabba, a distance of 150 miles on horseback, once a week. Responsibility for the delivery and processing of mail moved from one colony to the other for many years because the exact position of Hungerford in relationship to the border was uncertain.</p><br>
<p>The border between New South Wales and Queensland was not officially surveyed until 1879-1880. When the Royal Mail was built, it was thought to be in New South Wales and licence fees were paid in that colony from 1874 to 1879. The survey revealed that the land was part of Queensland and from 1880 the hotel licence has been issued in Queensland. The town survey shows the hotel with yards and outbuildings close to the "Wilcannia Track". Near the hotel was a blacksmith, stock yards and "gardens" presumably for vegetables. Isaac Foster, who had acquired the hotel from Cooke in 1876, formalised his ownership by purchase of the hotel allotment and an adjoining lot in September 1880.</p><br>
<p>Other allotments in the block containing the hotel were reserved for police, post office and customs buildings because Hungerford was one of the 14 settlements along Queensland&#39;s borders used as customs posts until the colonies were federated in 1901. The customs post monitored the payment of duty on such goods as wool but also acted to prevent smuggling which was common because duty on alcohol in Queensland was high. The size of the town survey and the government reserves suggests that it was thought that the town would become larger and more important than actually occurred. New South Wales surveyed a "twin town" to Hungerford on the other side of the border, designated "Berriwinnia", although it was not developed. Customs posts on state borders were not needed after Federation and it may be that if it had not occurred Hungerford may eventually have achieved its projected size. Beginning in 1882, Cobb and Co ran weekly buggies between Hungerford and Eulo and Thargomindah and Hungerford transporting mail, goods and passengers. The route officially ran between post offices in each settlement, but nearby hotels were commonly used by coach companies to change horses and accommodate passengers and this was the case with the Royal Mail Hotel. Isaac Foster died in 1882 and the license passed briefly to two other men before being taken up by Charles Wethered who held it until 1889, when it was taken over by Thomas G. Foster, who was possibly a relative of Isaac. By this time the Royal Mail Hotel had competition in the form of the Commercial Hotel, built in 1885. The Western railway line had by then reached Cunnamulla and with the coach link, provided access to larger centres.</p><br>
<p>Over December and January 1892-3 Henry Lawson and a friend walked from Bourke to Hungerford and back. In spite of writing about the bush he had little real experience and is thought to have been goaded into the trip by public comments to that effect made by Banjo Paterson. He found the country harsh and did not care for Hungerford from which he wrote a despairing letter to his aunt saying that he was finished with the bush. Even so, this trip proved the inspiration for a number of his early stories and poems so that Hungerford may be said to have contributed to the Legend of the Bush developed in the late 19th century by such writers as Lawson. Lawson described Hungerford in a short story of that name which appeared in While the Billy Boils in 1896:</p><br>
<p>The town is right on the Queensland border, and an interprovincial rabbit-proof fence - with rabbits on both sides of it - runs across the main street. Hungerford consists of two houses and a humpy in New South Wales, and five houses in Queensland. Characteristically enough, both the pubs are in Queensland. We got a glass of sour yeast at one and paid sixpence for it - we had asked for English ale.The post office is in New South Wales, and the police barracks in Bananaland. The police cannot do anything if theres a row going on across the street in New South Wales except to send to Brisbane and have an extradition warrant applied for; and they do not do much if theres a row in Queensland. Most of the rows are across the border, where the pubs are.Hungerford was quite prosperous as a small centre though, and in 1895 Cobb and Co upgraded its service between Hungerford and Thargomindah to a coach route. In this year John Logan became the licensee of the Royal Mail. He also purchased the large adjoining reserve on which the blacksmiths and yards had been located in 1880. In 1897 he acquired title to both the hotel allotments and took out a mortgage of £250 on all 3 lots, a total of £750. The purpose of this loan is not known, but it may have been at this time that the hotel was moved to the reserve allotment or a new building constructed or recycled from the old. The current hotel contains features such as windows which are consistent with an earlier building date, but has been added to and adapted over the years using traditional techniques and materials, so that a construction date is difficult to ascertain.</p><br>
<p>John Logan died in 1907 and his widow, Margaret, became the licensee. By this time, the town had passed its peak when it had a population of over 100 and a magistrate&#39;s court, police station, post and telegraph office, a school, 4 churches, several shops and 3 hotels.</p><br>
<p>Following Federation, border customs posts were no longer needed. The early years of the century were also very dry and although the Wilcannia Track originally had many waterholes and springs, widespread tapping of the artesian basin caused the level of springs to fall and dry up. An attempt to sink a bore at Hungerford was abandoned at 850 feet. The Cobb & Co service to Hungerford was discontinued in 1904 and by 1915 Hungerford had been bypassed and was merely a turn off on the Cunnamulla to Thargomindah coach route.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was sold in 1928, though the original 2 lots (105 and 104) were not and were taken over by the Bulloo Shire Council in 1971. The Royal Mail has since had several licensees, and the hotel was sold again in 2000. The town population has in recent years been as low as 10 and the Royal Mail has been the only hotel for most of the 20th century, drawing custom from local people and seasonal pastoral workers. Following the opening of nearby Currawinya National Park, custom is being increasingly drawn from tourism.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Royal Mail Hotel is a single storey building with a timber frame clad and roofed in corrugated iron. It has two major elevations with a corner entrance and a wing extending to the rear forming a U-shaped plan.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance is on a truncated section at the north eastern corner and the gabled roof and awning is truncated to match. A wide awning supported on timber columns runs around both main elevations and the corner. The corner entrance opens onto the bar which has a high ceiling, is lined with pine boards and has 12 pane sash windows. A double sided brick chimney is between the bar and the original sitting room. The bar fireplace is formed with a brick arch and is in regular use. That to the room behind is lined with ripple iron. A room adjoining the sitting room was also part of the original living quarters, but is now used as a store room. The cellar survives and is reached by a handmade ladder. Shelving for kegs has been cut out of the earth.</p><br>
<p>The original dining room is now living quarters for the licensees. The ceiling and most of the walls are lined with ripple iron as is the pub kitchen and a private bedroom. Modern sliding doors have been added to the kitchen and living quarters. There are 3 guest bedrooms approximately 12&#39; square. 2 rooms are lined with pine boards, but the other is ceiled and lined largely with ripple iron, a material that has also been used in parts of the bar and dining area.</p><br>
<p>The outbuildings are clad with corrugated iron and consist of 2 bathrooms and an unused washhouse. Bathroom fittings are early and feature ripple iron lining and a claw foot bath. The former staff quarters has lost its cladding to all but one wall and is used as a storage shed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Royal Mail Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 August 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Mail Hotel illustrates the pattern of development of Queensland in several ways. It was built as a wayside inn serving an early stock and trading route and provided the foundation for a service town as did many such inns. The hotel also illustrates the role of Hungerford as a border post before Federation and held a New South Wales licence until the border was officially surveyed in 1879. As a hotel catering for coach teams and passengers and a postal receiving office from time to time, the hotel illustrates the ways in which communications functioned in remote areas in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Mail Hotel is now uncommon in Queensland as a coaching inn still trading.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The hotel complex has the potential to reveal information about the operation of 19th century hotels in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a good example of a vernacular hotel in a remote township as it preserves examples of early building techniques and has changed little in the last century</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Mail Hotel is important as a vernacular building whose form, scale and materials make a substantial contribution to the built character of Hungerford and which is a landmark well regarded by the community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It is important for its long connection with the community of Hungerford and the surrounding area as a venue for many social events.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The settlement of Hungerford, including the Royal Mail Hotel, is important for its connection with the life and work of Henry Lawson; Hungerford being the subject of one of his popular writings that contributed to the Australian view of the bush at the end of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Noccundra Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at Wilson Street, Noccundra in Nockatunga, Shire of Bulloo, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1880s to 1930s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Noccundra Hotel lies approximately 80 kilometres west of Thargomindah on the eastern edge of the Sturt Stony Desert. A hotel was established on this site in the nineteenth century, adjacent to Noccundra Waterhole, on the Wilson River and on the stock and trading routes from South Australia and New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>The expedition of Burke and Wills through far southwest Queensland in 1860 paved the way for pastoral settlement of the area, with Bulloo Downs Station being the first run to be taken up in 1864. A small township was established on the Bulloo River to service the pastoral properties in the district, and on 31 December 1874 the Thargomindah Town Reserve was proclaimed and soon other small settlements in the area were trading through it. In 1880 Bulloo Division was gazetted, with headquarters at Thargomindah. Bulloo Division had an area of 45,000 square miles, extending north to Windorah and east to Adavale and Toompine.</p><br>
<p>John Dynan took up Nockatunga Station in the late 1860s and J B Hughes acquired it in 1872. The Noccundra Hotel may have been set up in order to serve this run and the earliest records for the station show amounts paid to the Noccundra hotel. The current building is said locally to have replaced an earlier one, which may have dated from the establishment of Nockatunga, although the first license was granted to James Gardiner (or Gardner) in 1886 and this may have related to a new building. A town reserve was created in 1885 and the future township site of Noccundra was surveyed by James Hood in mid-1889, at which time the only structures there were a hotel with an associated bathhouse, stable and yards on allotments 2 and 3 of section 1 and a store to the west of the hotel owned by James McColl. The two men concerned purchased the blocks from which their businesses were operating at the first land sales in January 1890. These two establishments were well placed, being near a waterhole at the intersection of the stock and trading routes to Innamincka in South Australia and Tibooburra in New South Wales. Trade would have come from teamsters, travellers and staff at Nockatunga at a time when stations had a large workforce and transport to distant towns was impracticable.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is said to have been constructed of stone from Mount Poole quarry about 200 kilometres away in New South Wales. It is in a style similar to surviving buildings in Birdsville and Boulia which relates more to South Australia than Queensland, a reminder that south west Queensland in this era had better access to, and more trade with, these colonies than it had with Brisbane far to the east. McColl&#39;s store was also of stone and was a rectangular structure with several rooms. Photographs from the 1970s when substantial sections of it remained, show that it had coursed stonework and well-detailed windows with stone sills.</p><br>
<p>The township of Noccundra was first listed in the Queensland Post Office Directory in 1892, at which time William Hogan was the publican of the Noccundra Hotel, having taken over from Gardiner in 1890. In 1894, the license reverted briefly to Gardiner before it passed to Martha Hogan, who was probably William&#39;s widow. By this time the town had a constable, though the names in the Post Office Directory suggest that the township was mainly a supply depot and receiving office for several pastoral stations in the vicinity. The publican in 1899 was H L Barber who was soon succeeded as licensee by Catherine Costello who ran the hotel until 1913. McColl continued to operate the store until he died in 1902, after which T.J. Costello became store manager and postmaster. The store was sold to P.J. Leahy & Co Ltd in 1904.</p><br>
<p>William Richards was the next licensee but in 1916 Henry Hughes purchased both the store and hotel, hiring Samuel Milne to run the store. In the 1920s the tiny township gained a saddler and the Noccundra Hotel was extended by the addition of a kitchen/dining room of corrugated iron sheeting on a timber frame, possibly in the 1930s. However, by 1933 the store had closed and Noccundra was no longer listed in the post office directories. It may be that increased access to motor transport and the growth of Thargomindah as a local centre contributed to the failure of Noccundra to develop as a township. The police station closed in 1959.</p><br>
<p>Although the township failed, the hotel continued to be important in the area. Situated in a remote area between supply centres the hotel remained a link in outback communications, a service point for travellers and as a focus for community events. It has served as a venue for monthly medical and dental clinics by the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS) and for meetings of a social and racing club that raised funds for the RFDS. It is also a landmark place for tourists. In 1977 the National Trust listed the hotel and photographs taken at that time show the store building to the west of the hotel still had large sections of three walls standing with a lean to addition of corrugated iron on the eastern side. This building was used at one time as a bar for the hotel, allowing the hotel proper to be used for meals and accommodation.</p><br>
<p>The front and side verandahs of the hotel were almost completely replaced in 1985 and it was sold in 1990 as part of Nockatunga Station. Some refurbishment was carried out in 1991 and again in the late 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The visible remains of the store have now dwindled to a part of the eastern wall and some footings that have been preserved as part of a garden feature. This area is now lawn and dilutes to some extent the visual starkness of the building in the landscape.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Noccundra is roughly equidistant from the borders of South Australia and New South Wales and is on the road from Thargomindah to the east. The hotel consists of a group of stone and corrugated iron buildings that stand out in their isolation against the flat gibber plain and are seen for a considerable distance when approaching by car.</p><br>
<p>The main part of the hotel comprises two parallel and linked single storey structures built of coursed sandstone blocks. A smaller stone structure containing a bathroom and laundry is linked at right angles to the northwest corner. All have separate hipped roofs clad in corrugated iron. A corrugated iron awning supported on a timber frame and posts runs along the south and west elevations of the hotel and shades a concrete pathway. At the rear a similar awning runs from the laundry across the width of the building.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the hotel has ripple iron ceilings. It has a stone double fireplace set between two of the rooms. Internal walls are rendered and painted. There are sash windows in timber frames and some doors now have metal frames.</p><br>
<p>To the rear of the hotel is a detached kitchen and dining room. This is a gable-roofed building constructed of corrugated iron sheeting over a timber frame with an extension of the same materials to the north. Other small corrugated iron structures are in the grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Noccundra Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Noccundra Hotel in far southwest Queensland survives as an important link with the establishment of pastoral settlement in this area. As an inn operating in conjunction with a store to serve travellers and surrounding pastoral stations, it illustrates the way in which remote areas were serviced and how many service towns began. While some went on to become important regional centres others, such as Noccundra, failed to develop due to a variety of causes as circumstances changed. The hotel now remains as an indicator of this failed township but retains its role as a way station for travellers.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Noccundra Hotel is a rare surviving late 19th century outback hotel, and has the potential, through physical investigation and documentary research, to reveal important information about the design, form and function of far western Queensland hotel complexes of this period, and about the people who erected such buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Noccundra Hotel is a rare surviving late 19th century outback hotel, and has the potential, through physical investigation and documentary research, to reveal important information about the design, form and function of far western Queensland hotel complexes of this period, and about the people who erected such buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Although some changes have taken place, the Noccundra Hotel is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a vernacular style of masonry construction that spread throughout central Australia, across South Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland in the late 19th century, efficiently controlling the extremes of temperature in the hot, arid interior of the continent, and compensating for the lack of locally-available timber.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Noccundra Hotel has aesthetic appeal, derived partly from its form and materials and partly from its setting as an isolated vernacular structure in a broad, open plain.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Noccundra Hotel is important for its long connection with the community of the surrounding area as a venue for many social events.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Simmons Stables Historic District, also known as the Clark & Potts Combination Sales Barn, Lee Brothers Barn, B. O. Tucker Stables, and Dincara Stables, is a historic stable complex and national historic district located at Mexico, Audrain County, Missouri. The district encompasses six contributing buildings and five contributing structures built between 1884 and 1954. They include the Arthur Simmons Stables , Maternity Stables , Hook Barn , Farrier&#39;s Shed , Storage Shed , Grain Bin #1 and #2 , East and West Tracks, Wood Fencing , and the Arthur Simmons House . The stables were one of most recognized training centers in the American Saddlebred industry.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Monett Historic District is a national historic district located at Monett, Barry County, Missouri. It encompasses 35 contributing buildings in the central business district of Monett. The district developed between about 1892 and 1947, and includes representative examples of Classical Revival and Streamline Moderne architecture. Notable buildings include the Ozark Fruit Growers Association , Armstrong and Sons Grocers , Wilson Opera House , Zumwalt Lunch Stand , Callaway Furniture Store , Hoberg Building , First National Bank , Main Variety , Bill Martin’s Chevrolet , Monett State Bank , City Hall and Fire Station , Gas Service Company and Battery Factory , Post Office , and Masonic Temple .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Peabody Library is one of two public libraries buildings in Thetford, Vermont. Serving the village of Post Mills, it was built in 1867, and is the oldest active library in the state federation of public libraries. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The Peabody Library stands near the western end of the dispersed rural village of Post Mills in northern Thetford, just south of the junction of Vermont Routes 113 and 244. It is a modest single-story wood frame building, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It is well decorated with Greek Revival and early Italianate features, including quoined corners, tall windows topped by corniced lintels, and a recessed front porch supported by paneled pilasters. Above the porch is a fully pedimented gable with oculus window at the center. The interior has a single large chamber, which includes a narrow mezzanine level accessed by winding stairs near the front corners.</p><br>
<p>The library was a gift to the community of Post Mills by George Peabody, one of the first great American philanthropists. Peabody spent some time in Post Mills as a teenager, where his maternal grandfather lived. Peabody&#39;s grant of $5,000 paid for purchase of the land, construction of the building, and acquisition of 1,100 volumes. The Thetford library system also includes the more modern Latham Library, located in Thetford Hill.</p><br>
<p>The Terraces Historic District encompasses a historic late 19th and early 20th-century residential area of White River Junction, Vermont. The district, developed as an upper middle-class residential area beginning in 1880, features a variety of architectural styles encapsulating the community&#39;s growth through about 1930. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The village of White River Junction had achieved a significant measure of economic importance in the upper Connecticut River valley by the middle of the 19th century, serving as a major railroad hub with service in four directions. The village grew in the lowlands at the mouth of the White River, with residential development at first closely spaced and near the railroad-related services. By 1880, the local merchant class sought housing that was at a remove from the noise and pollution associated with the railroad, resulting in the development of the Terraces, set on a rise southwest of the village and south of the White River. The principal roads of this area, Fairview Terrace and Hillcrest Terrace roughly follow the contours of the steep hillside.</p><br>
<p>The district includes all of Hillcrest Terrace, and all of Fairview Terrace between its junction with Hillcrest in the north and Gates Street in the south. It includes Forest Hills Avenue, which joins the two terraces near the southern end, and extends along Gates Street to Maplewood Terrace in the south. The area includes well-spaces houses that are typically vernacular interpretations of architectural styles popular between 1880 and 1930. Most are two or two-and-one-half stories in height, and of wood frame construction. A few of the houses were either built as multi-unit residences, or have been converted to such since their initial construction. A number of properties include period carriage houses.</p><br>
<p>Callan Motte is a motte-and-bailey and National Monument in Callan, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Callan Motte is in the centre of Callan, north of the Kings River, west of Upper Bridge Street and east of the N76.</p><br>
<h2>History and archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Motte-and-bailey castles were a primitive type of castle built after the Norman invasion, a mound of earth topped by a wooden palisade and tower.</p><br>
<p>Callan Motte was built c. 1217 by Geoffrey FitzRobert, seneschal to William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke. In 1307 it was described as ‘a castle, in which there is a hall constructed of wood covered with wooden shingles, a stone chamber, a kitchen and other wooden chambers’.</p><br>
<p>Local legend claims that cannons were placed on the motte by Oliver Cromwell&#39;s soldiers during the 1650 Siege of Callan.</p><br>
<p>Dr Ludwig Becker&#39;s Grave is a heritage-listed grave at Molesworth Station, by the Bulloo River, Bulloo Downs, Shire of Bulloo, Queensland, Australia. He was buried in 1861. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 August 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Doctor Ludwig Becker, a member of the Burke and Wills expedition, died on 29 April 1861 and his grave, together with those of William Purcell and Charles Stone, is located on a stock route along the western bank of Kooliatto Waterhole on the Bulloo River.</p><br>
<p>Becker was born at Darmstadt, Germany in 1808. He achieved a Doctorate of Philosophy and left Germany for political reasons during the 1848 revolution. After some time in Rio de Janeiro he arrived at Launceston, Tasmania in 1851. He was described by Lady Denison as:one of those universal geniuses who can do anything...a very good naturalist, geologist...draws and plays and sings, conjures and ventriloquises and imitates the notes of birds so accuratelyIn 1852-54, while gold digging in Bendigo, Victoria, Becker made meteorological observations and produced sketches which he exhibited in Melbourne in April 1854. He became a council member of the Victorian Society of Fine Arts in 1856 and of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria in 1859, and was a leading member of the German Club. He corresponded with ornithologist and zoologist John Gould, known as the father of bird study in Australia, on the lyrebird, and was one of the first to try to raise a lyrebird chick and sent sketches of the egg to ornithologists in Germany and France.</p><br>
<p>His scientific knowledge and artistic ability qualified him for selection as a member of the Victorian Exploring Expedition in 1860-61, which has since become known as the Burke and Wills expedition. It was organised by the Philosophical Institute which in 1860 became the Royal Society of Victoria.</p><br>
<p>The Burke and Wills expedition was led by Robert O&#39;Hara Burke, who was a superintendent of police in the Castlemaine district when, in 1860, he was given leave to take command of the exploring expedition to cross the continent from south to north.</p><br>
<p>The objectives of the expedition were hazy and its route, from Coopers Creek to the Gulf of Carpentaria, was decided less than a month before it set out. Burkes instructions, sent after him because they were not ready at the time, were incoherent. The real object of the expedition appears to have been to snatch from the South Australian explorer, John McDouall Stuart, the honour of making the first south-north crossing of the continent. Sir Henry Barkly, Governor of Victoria 1856-1863, described it as the glorious race across the continent between the expeditions fitted out in this and the adjacent colony of South Australia.</p><br>
<p>The Burke and Wills expedition was the most expensive in the history of Australian exploration. It cost over £60,000 and seven lives. Burke was the first Australian explorer to be provided with camels, over two dozen of them, imported complete with cameleers. There were horses and wagons, food for two years and lavish equipment. The party consisted of three officers; Burke, George James Landells the camelmaster, and William John Wills surveyor and meteorologist; German scientific officers Ludwig Becker artist, naturalist and geologist, and Herman Beckler medical officer and botanist; a foreman, nine assistants and the camel-drivers.</p><br>
<p>The expedition left Melbourne on 20 August 1860 and made progress through the settled districts to Swan Hill and Balranald and reached Menindee on the Darling River at the beginning of October. Burke was in haste and left much of his provisions at Balranald and more at Menindee.</p><br>
<p>Becker, as artist, naturalist and geologist on a salary of £300, received lengthy instructions from Doctor John Macadam, honorary secretary of the Exploration Committee, which stipulated that he should collect specimens, keep a diary and produce daily maps with illustrations and sections. He sent his first dispatches from Swan Hill, and from Menindie sent a number of specimens. He became despondent when these were not acknowledged.</p><br>
<p>Burke became impatient with the lost time in making scientific investigations and ordered that Becker and Beckler give up their investigations and work like the rest of the men and walk instead of ride. In a report to the Exploration Committee, Landells wrote that Burke requested him not to allow Becker to ride and had observed that if Becker accompanied the expedition, and got through, people would say that it would not be difficult to cross to the Gulf of Carpentaria, and that he was to be walked until he gave in. At one stage Becker did not eat for three days and became faint. He had to wait until everyone was asleep to do his writing and sketching.</p><br>
<p>After quarrelling with Burke, Landells resigned at Menindee and Burke promoted Wills to second in command, replacing him as third officer by a local man, William Wright, who proved incompetent and unreliable.</p><br>
<p>Burkes orders were that his base camp was to be at Coopers Creek; instead, he divided his party, transport and provisions, dashing on to Coopers Creek with an advance party and ordering Wright to follow with as little delay as possible. However, Wright waited in Menindee for three months - by which time Burke had travelled to the Gulf of Carpentaria and back - before transporting the vital reserve transport and provisions the four hundred miles to Coopers Creek.</p><br>
<p>Becker was with Wright&#39;s party in Menindee, and frustrated due to the lack of communication from the Exploration Committee he no longer wrote his daily reports and concentrated instead on sketching. He became aware of the possible failure of the expedition, but his letter to the committee about the delays was ignored.</p><br>
<p>Wrights party moved north at the end of January 1861, and reached Torowoto, about half way from Menindee to Coopers Creek on 12 February. By this time Becker and others were suffering from scurvy and the effects of bad water. At their camp at Rat Point, Becker and William Purcell, the cook, were very ill. Wright moved on to try to reach Coopers Creek, but only made it to Bulloo and returned. Beckler remained with the sick members, and on 8 April wrote to his brother of Beckers illness and the unlikelihood of his recovery, stating that "I shall have to bury him here, and then what an outcry there will be for me in Melbourne!" Wright wanted to send the sick men back to Menindee, but Beckler told him that they could not make a single days journey. Wright then ordered the party on to Bulloo, which they reached on 21 April. Wrights party never continued onto Cooper&#39;s Creek.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile Burke, impatient for Wrights arrival at Coopers Creek, selected Wills, King and Gray to accompany him to the gulf and left four men under the command of William Brahe, one of the assistants, at camp LXV at Coopers Creek. Burke decided to explore on foot and took provisions for twelve weeks and six camels and a horse as pack animals. It took four months to complete the 1500 miles, and Gray died before they returned to camp LXV at Coopers Creek. When Burkes party reached camp LXV on 21 April 1861, spent, starving and in rags, they found it deserted. Brahes party, having given up hope of seeing Burke and Wills, had left that day for Menindee with six camels, twelve horses, all the clothes and most of the food. Burke decided that as they were in bad shape and had only two camels, they would not be able to catch Brahe&#39;s party and would not survive the 400 mile journey. He decided to make for Mount Hopeless, a 150 mile journey away, leaving a message of their intentions at camp LXV.</p><br>
<p>Brahes party arrived at Wrights camp at Bulloo on 28 April. The natives were hostile, and had attacked the camp on 27 April. During this period, Becker was mostly unconscious and died on 29 April, and was buried near the graves of William Purcell and Charles Stone who had died a few days earlier. The Royal Commission to enquire into the causes of the deaths of Burke and Wills also found, from Dr Becklers evidence, that Dr Becker died of dysentery and the exhaustion consequent upon it; of course with some peculiar symptoms, which were principally owing to the affection of scurvy. After his burial, Beckers clothes, bedding and tent were burned and his other effects were placed in a pack for conveyance to Melbourne.</p><br>
<p>Brahe decided to return to camp LXV at Coopers Creek, to wait for Burke and Wills, which he reached fifteen days after he had left it. He did not find Burkes message and left again for Menindee for good. Burke, Wills and King, heading for Mount Hopeless, were too weak to get far. Only King survived, by living with the Aboriginals and sharing their food after Burke and Wills had died, and was rescued by Alfred William Howitt&#39;s search party from Melbourne in September 1861.</p><br>
<p>A royal commission appointed to inquire into the deaths of Burke and Wills censured Burke for having dividing his party at Menindee and for entrusting Wright, of whom he knew little, with an important command, and that he had showed more zeal than prudence in leaving Cooper&#39;s Creek before the arrival of Wright and undertaking the journey to the gulf with inadequate provisions.</p><br>
<p>Burke kept no journal, there was no time for scientific observation and Burke&#39;s route was only practicable in unusual weather. Burke won the race to the north, but John McDouall Stuart found the all-weather route. Solid gains in geographical knowledge were made by the explorers Howitt, John McKinlay and William Landsborough who led parties in search of him.</p><br>
<p>Becker had made meteorological observations daily until a month before he died. His death was lamented in newspapers and journals both in the Australian Colonies and in Germany, and he was mourned by colleagues at the Royal Society. Governor Barkly paid tribute to one of the earliest and most indefatigable contributors:...the name of Ludwig Becker will...rank with those of Cunningham, Kennedy and Leichhardt and the rest of that noble band who have sacrificed their lives in the cause of scienceThe City of Ballarat commemorated the expedition with a clock tower in 1863 referring to the deaths of The Victorian Explorers Burke, Wills, Gray and Becker. The small Queensland parish of Becker perpetuates his name and some timber posts mark his grave.</p><br>
<p>This expedition paved the way for settlement in the area, with the first recorded settlement being Bulloo Downs Station taken up by Jones, Sullivan and Molesworth Green in 1864.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Dr Ludwig Becker&#39;s grave, with the graves of William Purcell and Charles Stone, is located on a stock route along the western bank of Kooliatto Waterhole on the Bulloo River near Molesworth Station southwest of Thargomindah.</p><br>
<p>The gravesite, marked by a plinth with a plaque and three timber posts, is surrounded by a low metal fence.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Dr Ludwig Becker&#39;s Grave was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 August 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Dr Ludwig Becker, artist, explorer and naturalist, has been described as a martyr to science and his loved profession, both a devotee to science and to art. He was an integral member of arguably the most famous, and fateful, of the Australian exploring expeditions.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>His grave and its location are both a memorial to his life and to the Burke and Wills Expedition.</p><br>
<p>The Rockton Historic District is a national historic district which encompasses much of the village of Rockton, Illinois. The district includes 208 buildings, most of which are residential; the towns commercial district was purposefully excluded from the district due to its loss of historic integrity. Greek Revival is the only architectural style used widely within the district, with 51 buildings designed in the style. Rockton was founded in 1835 by William Talcott, and most of the villages development took place between then and the Civil War. This period of development coincided with an economic boom brought by short-lived steamboat and railroad projects; by the 1870s, Rockton had been bypassed by the major railroads and was losing citizens to its more prosperous neighbors, stalling its growth.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Yerrakaluva is a medium river which forms boundary between Khammam district of Telangana and West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh state. It is the area which is often affected by floods. It is a tributary of Upputeru river. This river and the nearby Kolleru lake drain in to Upputeru river before joining Bay of Bengal near Mogultur of West Godavari district.</p><br>
<p>Yerra Kaluva Reservoir was constructed in the year 1976. The Yerrakalva Reservoir Project is a medium irrigation project comprising an Earthen Dam formed across the river Yerrakalva near Konguvarigudem village in Jangareddigudem mandal of West Godavari district. The ayacut proposed to be irrigated by this project is 9,996 ha benefitting 22 villages in Jangareddigudem, Kamavarapukota, Dwaraka Tirumala, Nallajerla and Tadepalligudem mandals of West Godavari District. Besides this, flood moderation is provided for safeguarding the fertile lands of about 8,094 ha between Anantapalli and Nandamuru Aqueduct on both flanks of the rivers.</p><br>
<p>The project components are as under:</p><br>
<p>(i) Earthen Dam for a length of 2.73 km.</p><br>
<p>(ii) Spillway Regulator with Hoist Bridge with 4 Vents of size 12.00 m. x 5.00 m.</p><br>
<p>(iii) Left and Right Head Sluices at km.0.40 and km.2.20 of Earth Dam respectively.</p><br>
<p>(iv) Excavation of Left Main Canal (LMC) for a length of 7.59 km. and Right Main Canal (RMC) for a length of 45.60 km. including their distributary network and CM&CD works.</p><br>
<p>The contemplated ayacut under this project is 24,700 acre (9,996 ha). An extent of 5,000 acre (2,023 ha) on Left Main Canal and 2,500 acre (1,012 ha) up to 2.180 km of Right Main Canal was provided irrigation facilities prior to AIBP assistance. The balance irrigation potential of 17,200 acre (6,960 ha) is proposed under AIBP. Up to March 2010 irrigation potential created is 8095 ha.</p><br>
<p>Spooner Lake is a man-made reservoir located just north of the intersection of Highway 50 and Highway 28 near Spooner Summit, a pass in the Carson Range of the Sierra Nevada leading to Carson City, Nevada from Lake Tahoe. It is located in Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are historical references to an "M. E. Spooner" and "Spooner & Co.s House" in the area but the first documented eponymous reference was "a strip of productive land extends back from the lake for a distance of 2 miles, where it is called Spooners Meadow". A dam constructed in 1927 to store irrigation water apparently converted the eastern part of Spooner Meadow into a small lake. Since the 1930s Spooner Lake has also been used for recreational fishing.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed and Geographical characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The Spooner Lake watershed is approximately 1 square miles but peak flows from the lake are limited by Spooner Dam. The dam was re-built in 1982 due to leakage.</p><br>
<p>Spooner Lake is at 6,972 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>In 1973, the Nevada Department of Wildlife began stocking the Spooner Lake with trout.</p><br>
<p>Spooner Lake is also the start of a 5-mile hiking trail to Marlette Lake via North Canyon and the Tahoe Rim Trail.</p><br>
<p>The Larrabee&#39;s Point Complex consists of a collection of ferry-related buildings and structures at the western end of Vermont Route 74 in Shoreham, Vermont. Included are facilities currently used by the oldest operating ferry on Lake Champlain, the Ticonderoga-Larrabees Point Ferry, and two buildings historically associated with the ferry operation. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Larrabees Point is located in southwestern Shoreham, on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain at a narrow point in the lake opposite Ticonderoga, New York. John Larrabee purchased the land in this area in 1787, and in 1799 received permission permisison from the state to operate a ferry. By 1875, the Larrabees Point complex included a large hotel and a wharf capable of docking large steamships that carried tourists on the lake. The ferry&#39;s importance in commercial freight transportation declined in the second half of the 19th century, due to the arrival of the railroads in Addison County. The stone warehouse standing adjacent to the current ferry slip, built in 1823, is a surviving reminder of this historic importance.</p><br>
<p>The historic elements of the Larrabee&#39;s Point complex include the ferry slip area, still in use by the modern ferry, and the adjacent stone wharf. The three story stone warehouse, standing at the land side of the wharf, now houses a lake cruise ship service. Across Vermont 74 from the warehouse stands the c. 1835 house of John Larrabee, a brick 2-1/2 story structure. It is a particularly fine example of transitional Federal-Greek Revival architecture, with a later Victorian porch extending across the lake-facing front. The small wood-frame building housing the ferry office, between the ferry slip and the warehouse, is not historic.</p><br>
<p>Xishanping is an archaeological site in Gansu, China, located 15 km west of Tianshui. The site was occupied continuously from the Neolithic through the Bronze Age. The site is situated about 50 m above the riverbed on the southern bank of the Xi River, a tributary of the Wei River. The site was discovered by Pei Wenzhong in 1947.</p><br>
<h2>Stratigraphy</h2><br>
<p>Xishanping I: the earliest layer, this layer corresponds to the Dadiwan culture. The bones from a large variety of animals (red deer, musk deer, Asiatic black bear, bamboo rat, rat, chicken, dog, pig) were discovered in this layer.</p><br>
<p>Xishangping II: this layer corresponds to the Lower Beishouling culture. Only a few animal bones were found in this layer, coming from red deer, cattle and pigs.</p><br>
<p>Xishangping III (5250-4300 BP): this period corresponds to the Majiayao culture. The greatest changes at Xishanping occurred during this time. Evidence for intensive agriculture can be found in this layer, starting from around 5,100 BP. Horse, chicken, dog and pig bones were discovered in this layer, with pig bones composing almost half of all of the bones found in this layer. This layer can be further divided as follows:</p><br>
<p>5250–4650 BP: during this period, the forest was composed primarily of a coniferous-broadleaf mix. The primary staple crops were foxtail and broomcorn millet.</p><br>
<p>4650–4300 BP: around 4650 BP, the forest saw a drastic transition, most likely due to anthropogenic causes. The forest fauna came to be dominated primarily by fast-growing bamboo. Additionally, several fruit and nut-bearing trees (Castanea, Prunus cerasus, Prunus padus and Diospyros) became more commonly found. The primary staple crops were foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and buckwheat.</p><br>
<p>Xishangping IV (4300-3000 BP): this period corresponds to the Qijia culture. Pig bones form an overwhelming majority of all of the animals bones found from this layer.</p><br>
<h2>Staple crops</h2><br>
<p>Xishanping was the site of a highly diverse and complex agriculture system, showing the earliest largest diversity of staple crops found in China. From 4650-3000 BP, eight major staple crops were found together at Xishanping: wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley and oat (all three introduced from Western Asia); rice (introduced from eastern China); foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, buckwheat and soybean. As such, Xishanping is the earliest site for the introduction of several Western Asia staple crops to China, likely via the Hexi Corridor. Despite the diversity, the people at Xishanping still relied primarily on rainfed agriculture.</p><br>
<p>The earliest dates for each crop found at Xishanping are as follows:</p><br>
<p>Broomcorn millet (5165 BP)</p><br>
<p>Foxtail millet (5070 BP)</p><br>
<p>Rice (5070 BP) - earliest evidence for rice in northwest China</p><br>
<p>Oat (5070 BP) - earliest evidence for oat in China</p><br>
<p>Soybean (4770 BP)</p><br>
<p>Wheat (4650 BP) - earliest evidence for wheat in China</p><br>
<p>Barley (4600-4300 BP) - earliest evidence for barley in China</p><br>
<p>Buckwheat (4600-4300 BP)</p><br>
<p>The first appearance of wheat in East Asia coincides with the first appearance of broomcorn millet in Central Asia at Begash, Kazakhstan (4450–4100 BP).</p><br>
<p>The Upper Falls Covered Bridge, also known as the Downers Covered Bridge, spans the Black River, carrying Upper Falls Road just south of Vermont Route 131 in western Weathersfield, Vermont. The Town lattice truss bridge was built in 1840 and rebuilt in 2008. Its gable ends are distinctive for their Greek Revival styling. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Upper Falls Covered Bridge is located in a rural area of western Weathersfield, south of Vermont 131 on Upper Falls Road. It is a single-span Town lattice truss structure, set on one modern concrete abutment, and another of dry laid stone that has been faced in concrete. It is 120 ft long with a gabled overhang of 4 ft at each end, and is 18.5 ft wide with a roadway width of 15 ft (one lane). The sides of the bridge are clad in vertical board siding. Square window holes are cut into each side of the exterior. The bridge is covered by a metal roof. The gable ends of the portals are finished in horizontally laid boards, with partial gable returns and a triangular line of moulding, a nod to Greek Revival architecture popular at the time of its construction.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1840 by James Trasker of Claremont, New Hampshire. It is distinctive among Vermont&#39;s many surviving covered bridges for the Greek Revival elements of its gables, and for the remarkably good condition of the surviving stone abutment, which has precisely laid stonework. At the time of its National Register listing in 1973 it was not in very good condition; it underwent a complete reconstruction in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Hampton Down Stone Circle is a stone circle located near to the village of Portesham in the south-western English county of Dorset. Archaeologists believe that it was likely erected during the Bronze Age. The Hampton Down ring is part of a tradition of stone circle construction that spread throughout much of Britain, Ireland, and Brittany during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, over a period between 3,300 and 900 BCE. The purpose of such monuments is unknown, although archaeologists speculate that they were likely religious sites, with the stones perhaps having supernatural associations for those who built the circles. However, it has been suggested that the site is not a stone circle at all, but is instead made up of kerbstones from a Bronze Age round barrow.</p><br>
<p>A number of stone circles were built in the area around modern Dorset, typically being constructed from sarsen stone and being smaller than those found elsewhere. The Hampton Down ring was erected on an open downland ridge overlooking the coast. It originally contained either eight or nine sarsen stones and had a diameter of 20 feet (6.5 metres) across with a track leading to it from the north. By 1908 the circle had been shifted east of its original position, with a hedge built across the site, and the number of stones increased to sixteen. By 1964 the number of stones had further increased to twenty-eight. In 1965, Geoffrey J. Wainwright oversaw an archaeological excavation which revealed the circle&#39;s original location and dimensions, after which it was reconstructed in its original location with the extraneous stones removed.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Positioned at the national grid reference 35960865, Hampton Down Stone Circle is located on the southern edge of an open downland ridge at a height of 680 feet above sea level. Located 1 kilometre (0.6 miles) north-west of Portesham on private land, it is positioned on the rim of Portesham Hill and overlooks the coast. Had the vegetation levels been low at the time of the circle&#39;s creation then it would have permitted extensive panoramic views of the coastline. The site is a scheduled monument, and thus accorded legal protection under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Context</h2><br>
<p>While the transition from the Early Neolithic to the Late Neolithic—which took place with the transition from the fourth to the third millennium BCE—witnessed much economic and technological continuity, it also saw a considerable change in the style of monuments erected, particularly in southern and eastern England. By 3000 BCE, the long barrows, causewayed enclosures, and cursuses which had predominated in the Early Neolithic had ceased being built, and were instead replaced by circular monuments of various kinds. These include earthen henges, timber circles, and stone circles. These latter circles are found in most areas of Britain where stone is available, with the exception of the island&#39;s south-eastern corner. They are most densely concentrated in south-western Britain and on the north-eastern horn of Scotland, near Aberdeen.</p><br>
<p>These stone circles typically show very little evidence of human visitation during the period immediately following their creation. This suggests that they were not sites used for rituals that left archaeologically visible evidence, and may have been deliberately left as "silent and empty monuments". The archaeologist Mike Parker Pearson suggested that in Neolithic Britain, stone was associated with the dead and wood with the living. Other archaeologists have suggested that the stone might not represent ancestors, but rather other supernatural entities, such as deities.</p><br>
<p>The area of modern Dorset has only a "thin scatter" of stone circles, with nine possible examples known within its boundaries. The archaeologist John Gale described these as "a small but significant group" of such monuments, and all are located within five miles (eight kilometres) of the sea. All but one—Rempstone Stone Circle on the Isle of Purbeck—are located on the chalk hills west of Dorchester. The Dorset circles have a simplistic typology, being of comparatively small size, with none exceeding 28 metres (92 feet) in diameter. All are oval in shape, although perhaps have been altered from their original form. With the exception of the Rempstone circle, all consist of sarsen stone. Much of this may have been obtained from the Valley of Stones, a location at the foot of Crow Hill near to Littlebredy, which is located within the vicinity of many of these circles. With the exception of the circle at Litton Cheney, none display evidence of any outlying stones or earthworks around the stone circle.</p><br>
<p>The archaeologists Stuart and Cecily Piggott believed that the circles of Dorset were probably of Bronze Age origin, a view endorsed by the archaeologist Aubrey Burl, who noted that their distribution did not match that of any known Neolithic sites. It is possible that they were not all constructed around the same date, and the Piggotts suggested that while they may well be Early Bronze Age in date, it is also possible that "their use and possibly their construction may last into the Middle and even into the Late Bronze Age".</p><br>
<p>Their nearest analogies are the circles found on Dartmoor and Exmoor to the west, and the Stanton Drew stone circles to the north. It is also possible that the stone circles were linked to a number of earthen henges erected in Dorset around the same period.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Burl described the Hampton Down Stone Circle as a "megalithic chameleon". A photograph from 1908 showed sixteen stones as part of the monument, a number that was again recorded by the Piggotts in 1938. However, by 1964 twenty-eight stones were found to be part of the circle. As of 1939, a hedge and bank split the circle in two, from north-to-south, separating the three most westerly stones from the rest of the circle. Investigations revealed that when the field to the east of the hedge was cleared in 1964, a large number of stones had been found on the surface and had been moved to the site of the other stones. It is possible that these other stones had also once been part of a prehistoric monument, such as a long barrow or round barrow, which had once existed in the vicinity. The stones are sarsen.</p><br>
<p>Commenting on the site in 1939, the Piggotts opined that ten stones in the eastern half of the ring were likely in their original position. They expressed the view that "owing to rough cube-like shapes it is impossible to decide whether they are upright or recumbent". Based on what they believed to be the stones in their original position, they estimated the circles original diameter at 35 feet (11–12 metres).</p><br>
<h3>Excavation</h3><br>
<p>In 1964 the stones in the circle were disturbed by agricultural activity. It was then decided that the site would be excavated, a project which was ordered by the Ministry of Public Building and Works and carried out in May 1965 under the directorship of Geoffrey J. Wainwright. The 28 stones were moved from the site using a crane to permit the archaeologists to excavate the area beneath them.</p><br>
<p>The excavation revealed that the location of the stones was not their original prehistoric position. The original location of the circle was identified as existing a few feet to the west, under the adjacent hedge. The original circle had either eight or possibly nine sockets for stones and was oval shaped. The perimeter of the ring was defined by V-shaped ditches on its eastern and western perimeters. The maximum axis of the circle would have been approximately 20 feet (6.5 metres), making it considerably smaller than the size proposed by the Piggotts.</p><br>
<p>There was a 4 feet (1.2 metre) wide track leading to the circle from the north, with Burl opining that "if this had been an avenue it was a very poor one". Three stake-holes were found at the western side of the circle, where it was joined by the track.</p><br>
<p>If used as a space for rituals, the Hampton Down circle would have only been able to accommodate a few individuals standing within it at any given time. It was also not the site of any cremation deposits, unlike some stone circles in Northern Britain. Burl suggested that the Hampton Down Stone Circle may never have been part of the prehistoric stone circle tradition, but that the stones were actually once the kerbstones of a round barrow. To support this suggestion, he noted that round barrows were known at Poole, around 20 miles (32 kilometres) to the east of the site.</p><br>
<p>The excavation yielded no finds, and thus it produced no means of reliably dating the construction of the site. Wainwright suggested that the ring was Early Bronze Age on the basis of other, dated circles in Britain. Based on his analysis of the site&#39;s stratigraphy, he argued that the stones had likely been removed from their original position amid agricultural development in the second half of the seventeenth century.</p><br>
<p>According to Burl, the history of the site "illuminates the perils of superficial fieldwork".</p><br>
<p>As of 2003, the Hampton Down ring was the only one of the Dorset circles to have seen excavation.</p><br>
<p>Following excavation, several stones were placed in the original sockets in order to create a reconstruction of the original circle. A fence was then erected around the circle to discourage further interference.</p><br>
<p>The W. H. Jones Mansion was built in 1889 at 731 East Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio as the residence of dry goods store owner William H. Jones and his wife Josephine. The original cost to build it was $11,250. He lived there until 1923. Jones modelled the house after another mansion in Barnesville, Ohio. The Olde Towne East Neighborhood Association successfully prevented it from being demolished to make way for a Long John Silvers restaurant. The home is an example of Queen Anne style architecture, with a corner turret, third story ballroom and a carriage house in the rear. Its foundation is high ashlar stone, it&#39;s roof of slate and the main body of the building made of red pressed brick.</p><br>
<p>Since the Jones occupancy, the building has also been home to a doctors office as well as the Schorr-Ketner Furniture Company. The mansion was previously leased to community advocate Local Matters. The site is now home to the alternative school Columbus Learning Cooperative, a local alternative to traditional education. They serve students ages 10 to 18, providing resources for the self-directed education model.</p><br>
<p>Welford Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead in the Welford National Park, Jundah, Shire of Barcoo, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Walton pastoral run was taken up by Richard Welford in, having migrated to Australia from Britain in 1863. Welford held the Walton run for only two years before he and his stockman, Henry Hall were murdered by aborigines in about May 1872. Welford was buried on the property with a marble headstone which said:In memory of Richard Welford, B.A., Edinburgh, barrister of Lincoln&#39;s Inn, only son of Richard G. Welford, County Court Judge at Birmingham, England, murdered by blacks at Walton, 21st April, 1872, in the thirty third year of his age.In August 1872, the property was sold to the Rome brothers, who, by 1875, were calling it Welford Downs.</p><br>
<p>The homestead is thought to be constructed in 1882-83 (at the time of Welford&#39;s murder there was only a hut).</p><br>
<p>In 1956, the homestead was damaged by fire and the roof was replaced with a flatter hip roof. Following heavy rain in 1963, the stone kitchen was demolished. In 1989, major renovations brought the building to its present state.</p><br>
<p>The homestead is now used as staff quarters for the Welford National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Welford Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Welford Homestead illustrates the early exploration and settlement of Queensland as pastoral land, later instrumental in the formation of towns throughout Queensland. Welford Homestead is constructed using the pise methods and is a rare surviving example of its type. It demonstrates a high degree of creative achievement in using natural resources for construction purposes. It has the potential to yield information through historical and archaeological research that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history. It is also an uncommon example of an intact homestead setting. As such, it demonstrates the principal characteristics of its class and contributes to an understanding of early station life. Welford Station has special associations with the community as one of the first stations in the region.</p><br>
<p>Beaver Creek in Carbon County, Pennsylvania is an East-to-West running tributary of the Lehigh River giving name to and draining the southern terrains of Beaver Meadows into Black Creek. It rises 1,500 ft Southeast of the intersection of Main Street and Lincoln CircleDistance measured on Google map using ruler tool from west end of pond to intersection listed. co-ords of source are 40.921497, -75.934440, Banks Township, PA.</p><br>
<p>in Junedale, one unincorporated village (neighborhood) of Banks Township at the Northwestern corner of Carbon County, Pennsylvania, and runs nearly due East-northeast through the center of Beaver Meadows, Pennsylvania 5.74 mi to the approximate centerline of Weatherly, where it turns abruptly and runs due south 1.25 miles through the center of Weatherly where 7.0 mi from its source, it merges with Quakake Creek, thereby forming Black Creek, Pennsylvania which turns abruptly east from its origin.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<h2>History of the Region</h2><br>
<p>The streams played a large role in the development of the Province of Pennsylvania as a turnpike was constructed from Lausanne along Black Creek and Beaver Creek, north from Beaver Meadows, Pennsylvania to the Susquehanna River, and the developing Industrializing United States, as a 19th-century transportation corridor hosting the Beaver Meadows Railroad connecting Beaver Meadows via Weatherly and Penn Haven Junction to the Lehigh Canal.</p><br>
<p>Australian Inland Mission Hospital is a heritage-listed former hospital at Adelaide Street, Birdsville, Shire of Diamantina, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1952 to 1953 by Ben Hargreaves. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 July 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located in Adelaide Street, Birdsville, the single-storeyed, prefabricated steel, Australian Inland Mission Hospital building was erected in 1952-1953 on the site of its predecessor, which burnt down in November 1951. An Australian Inland Mission bush nursing home or hostel was established at Birdsville in 1923 in the former Royal Hotel building, the first mission hostel in Queensland and the seventh in Australia. It was replaced by a purpose-built, pre-fabricated hospital opened in 1937 on land purchased by the Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>Although European explorers had passed through the Diamantina district in the 1840s and early 1860s, this semi-arid region was not occupied until the mid-1870s when a number of pastoral runs were established. In the early 1880s the towns of Birdsville and Bedourie developed to service the newly taken-up pastoral holdings of the Diamantina. Birdsville, known originally as the Diamantina Crossing, is reputed to have sprung up around a rough depot constructed by general merchant Matthew Flynn in the late 1870s on the stock route from Boulia south to Adelaide. It became the headquarters of Diamantina Shire when the shire was established in 1883. The township was officially surveyed by mid-1885 and the name Birdsville adopted in reference to the profuse bird life of the district. Located over 1,000 miles west of Brisbane and seven miles north of the Queensland-South Australian border, Birdsville developed as an administrative centre for police and border customs. Nearly all the trade of the town was with Adelaide, and it became an important marshalling point for cattle being driven south to markets in South Australia. Due to the lack of local timber, the towns remoteness and the lack of good access by roads or rail, which created prohibitively high transportation costs, almost all the towns early buildings were built of local sandstone. The population peaked in 1895 at 220.</p><br>
<p>The Presbyterian Australian Inland Mission (AIM) leased the Royal Hotel buildings (erected from ) from 1923 to 1937 as their first bush nursing home, or hostel in Queensland. At that time the AIM was headed by its founder Rev. Dr John Flynn, who was working toward establishing a flying doctor and air ambulance service for remote central Australia (now known as the Royal Flying Doctor Service). Such a service could only operate efficiently if it could be contacted quickly, which became possible in 1929, with Alfred Traegers invention of the pedal radio. In August 1929 Traeger installed at the AIMs Birdsville Hostel one of six experimental pedal radios, the others being placed at four head stations in far western Queensland and at the Aboriginal Mission at Mornington Island, with base station VJI established at Cloncurry. The system revolutionised outback communications. Importantly, Birdsville became reliably connected to the station properties in the Diamantina district and with the new Aerial Medical Service, established by Flynn in 1928 under the auspices of the AIM and based at Cloncurry.</p><br>
<p>By 1930 the Royal Hotel building needed extensive repairs and the AIM decided to erect a purpose-built hospital - more modest than the masonry hospitals erected at Victoria River Downs Station (circa 1923), Innamincka (1923) and Alice Springs (1926). AIM hospitals, previously intended to become district hospitals, changed in purpose after the advent of the flying doctor. Their function changed to that of first-aid posts, with serious cases being evacuated to larger centres. The Birdsville Hospital took years to eventuate. It was not until April 1937 that the purchase of land for the project at the eastern end of Adelaide Street, the main street of Birdsville, was completed. Flynn decided on a pre-fabricated building, designed for the arid conditions, to function as a community house and public hall as well as a hospital. The hospital opened in December 1937, and a separate Aboriginal ward, a simple transverse gabled building with corrugated iron cladding and roof over a steel frame, was added before 1951.</p><br>
<p>On 10 November 1951 the AIM Hospital at Birdsville was destroyed by fire thought to be caused when a kerosene refrigerator blew up. Only the Aboriginal ward was spared, but no lives were lost. Within days of the disaster the Charleville Flying Doctor Base flew out medical supplies and rigged an emergency transceiver and aerial to restore communications, while Rev. Les McKay of the AIM Western Queensland Patrol drove from Burketown to begin salvage operations. The ruins of the burnt building were dismantled and temporary accommodation erected out of salvaged material so that services could continue. An emergency hospital was set up in the two small rooms of the Aboriginal ward and a bough shed was constructed adjoining it.</p><br>
<p>Local people started a subscription for a replacement hospital and a re-building fund appeal was organised to the £10,000 required. Donations of £100 came from each of the Kidman cattle stations in the area and many other donors Australia-wide. Queensland&#39;s Minister for Health promised a pound for pound subsidy, thereby ensuring the project proceeded.</p><br>
<p>In February 1952 a prefabricated steel building was ordered from the Sidney Williams factory in Sydney. The materials were transported from Sydney by road to Birdsville via Broken Hill, Marree and the Birdsville track, a two thousand mile journey. The Rev. Les McKay spent a year in Birdsville assisting with the re-building. The Queensland Governor, John Lavarack, visited Birdsville for the first time in June 1952 to set the corner post.</p><br>
<p>Ben Hargreaves, builder of the 1937 AIM hospital at Birdsville, came out of retirement to undertake construction of the 1952 building. A skilled cabinetmaker with outback experience, he constructed the building and made most of the original furniture and fittings, such as cupboards and tables on site, using North Queensland silky oak. Other furniture was of tubular steel, regarded as ideal for bush conditions, while canvas deck chairs lined the front verandah. These were used by outpatients and also for open-air movie shows, church services and other gatherings. Some of the furnishings and equipment were donated for instance, the dispensary was equipped by the Society of St Andrew, Brisbane and the Adelaide pharmaceutical company, Fauldings, gave £100 worth of drugs.</p><br>
<p>The new hospital was opened on 5 August 1953, having cost £15,000. The opening was a community event for the Diamantina Shire and beyond. The gala event was accompanied by a two-day race meeting and a dance, and attracted the largest crowd the town had ever seen. The opening and dramatic events preceding it were recorded in the movie Diamantina Drama, one of several films produced by the AIM. A reporter from Brisbane&#39;s Courier-Mail attended and the ABC broadcast the event in their news the next day, referring to it as "the miracle at Birdsville".</p><br>
<p>As with the former building, the plan incorporated a large central room (pavilion) suitable for public gatherings. The plan and footprint generally followed that of the former building, except that a central entrance has replaced two former front porches. Other rooms include a dispensary, two wards mens and womens, the latter used by the nursing sisters or visitors when not needed for patients; a wireless room-cum lounge with an open fireplace, that once housed the transceiver and a circulating library for the use of local people; a large kitchen with floor to ceiling cupboards and an adjoining pantry; bathrooms, toilets and sisters&#39; accommodation.</p><br>
<p>Sidney Williams & Co, which prefabricated both the 1937 and 1952 AIM hospitals, was a well-known steel fabrication business. Originally based in Rockhampton, it was active in the prefabrication of metal buildings from the 1890s. The Company began to expand rapidly around the time of the development of its Comet Windmill with branches established in Brisbane and Townsville. In 1922 the Company opened a new factory in Sydney which led to the closure of the Brisbane and Rockhampton Works. During World War II the company prefabricated large numbers of "huts" for the defence forces. The company also established hundreds of offices and agencies throughout Australia to distribute and service its product. A subsidiary of the company, BOWAS, was established in 1950 as a result of the significant building component of the company&#39;s operations. This company ceased trading in 1976.</p><br>
<p>From as early as the late 1890s the company was involved in designing, manufacturing and erecting steel-framed buildings for many purposes including rural and town uses. The company promoted their buildings as being white ant proof, fire proof, hygienic, long lasting and easily dismantled and erected on another site. Their so-called "ordinary buildings" were those individually designed to meet the specific client&#39;s needs. The whole of the frame was erected in the factory yard with all the joints being marked. The structure was then dismantled and packaged for shipment to the site for re-erection. There was extensive use of their locally-manufactured, prefabricated metal buildings throughout the hot, sparsely populated areas of pastoral Queensland and the Northern Territory. Buildings prefabricated by this company included: hangars; Sidney Williams Huts; the Supreme Court complex in Darwin; Christ the King Catholic Church at Tennant Creek; dormitory and school accommodation on Croker Island; and AIM hospitals at Tennant Creek (pre-1937) and at Dunbar on Cape York Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Additional buildings were added to the Birdsville Hospital site over time. The main building was surrounded by a series of detached buildings, including the Aboriginal ward, laundry, electric light plant house (the later two made from materials salvaged from the former hospital building), goat pen, chook house and Old Timers cottages. These cottages were built in 1963, to accommodate elderly bushmen who wanted to spend their final years in retirement in the precincts of the town. One of these Old Timers cottages was named the Francis Cottage after Grace Francis, one of the first AIM nurses in Birdsville. Towering behind the building was a tall radio aerial and a windmill, the latter used to generate electricity.</p><br>
<p>Following the creation of the Uniting Church in Australia in the 1970s, the work of the Presbyterian Australian Inland Mission, the Methodist Inland Mission and the Home Mission of the Congregational Church, was amalgamated as the Uniting Church in Australia Frontier Services. From 1977 to 2005 the Birdsville AIM Hospital was operated by Frontier Services.</p><br>
<p>Like all AIM hospitals, Birdsville&#39;s was intended eventually to be handed over to local control. In 2005 the Australian Inland Mission Hospital at Birdsville closed, after serving as a hospital for 53 years. Its function was taken over by the Diamantina Shire Council, which built a clinic on adjacent land provided by the Uniting Church Frontier Services. The former AIM Hospital remains the property of The Uniting Church in Australia Property Trust (Qld), which holds the land and buildings in trust for Frontier Services, but is now open to the public as the "Old Birdsville Hospital historical display".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located at the eastern end of the main street of Birdsville, Adelaide Street, the former Australian Inland Mission Hospital site comprises the hospital building, former Aboriginal ward, "billiard room", water tanks, shed and new padre cottage. Of these, the hospital building, former Aboriginal ward and above ground corrugated iron tank and the in-ground concrete water tank are significant.</p><br>
<p>The north-west facing hospital building is a rectangular structure with a gabled hip roof and is surrounded on three sides by enclosed verandahs. It is constructed on a steel frame with corrugated iron external walls, ripple iron verandah linings, Oregon pine joists and rafters, masonite and tilux internal walls, and caneite ceilings. The foundations and floors are concrete, with linoleum covering most internal floors.</p><br>
<p>The hospital was designed especially for the inland. Ceilings are well insulated and low to afford maximum space between the ceiling and the iron roof, while air vents in the gables provide roof ventilation. Verandah ceilings have a gap at the eaves to permit air flow. The building is equipped with a cool storage cellar under the kitchen, an underground tank for rain (drinking) water and an above ground tank for town water, which was previously drawn from the Diamantina River and now from an artesian bore. On the roof at the rear of the building is a communications aerial.</p><br>
<p>Entrance is central, via a covered walkway from the front gate onto the enclosed verandah that is built-in at both ends. Central French doors lead into a chapel. On the chapels left hand side are two wards, both with single door access onto the front verandah. On the right hand side of the chapel are a pantry and an L-shaped kitchen. From the kitchen, stairs lead to the cellar. Double doors through a partition wall lead from the kitchen to the central pavilion. At the eastern end of the pavilion are three rooms designated as nurses quarters with a common lounge room on the southern side of the pavilion. Western and southern verandahs have been enclosed to accommodate bathrooms and cupboards, while a cold room is located near the kitchen on the northern end of the western verandah. On the eastern end of the northern verandah a bathroom has been added.</p><br>
<p>The former Aboriginal ward is located at the rear of the former hospital near the property&#39;s south-east boundary. This corrugated iron-clad, steel-framed, gable-roofed building consists of an open verandah, two wards and an enclosed rear verandah along the long axis of the building, approximately east-west. Hinged, corrugated iron shutters cover the window openings.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings on the site include a separate gabled building on the north-west corner of the former hospital, now used as a billiard room; a new Padre Cottage; and an iron-clad shed used for storage and containing toilet facilities. These are not regarded as significant being relatively new structures. Other outbuildings have been demolished.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Australian Inland Mission Hospital was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 July 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Australian Inland Mission (AIM) Hospital at Birdsville, demonstrates the continued presence and importance of the AIM to inland Queensland from the establishment of its first Queensland hospital in Birdsville in 1923 (the seventh of its hospitals Australia-wide). The services provided by the Birdsville Hospital were an important component of the AIM&#39;s objective of providing a "mantle of safety" for residents of inland Australia, and this ensured that after a fire destroyed its predecessor in 1951 this hospital replaced it.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former AIM Hospital, Birdsville is a rare example of the AIM hospital service that was established to provide medical aid to the people of remote inland Australia. Of the AIM hospitals built in Queensland at three different locations - Birdsville, Dunbar and Coen, only the Birdsville and Coen hospitals remain.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former AIM Hospital, Birdsville demonstrates the principal characteristics of an AIM hospital viz. a simple building designed for life in inland Australia that comprised wards for patients, a dispensary, kitchen, bathrooms and toilets, and quarters for two nurses including a living room. Under the kitchen was a cellar/basement. Near the hospital were the Aboriginal ward and Old Timers accommodation and structures necessary to the hospitals operations such as water tanks and communication equipment.</p><br>
<p>The building is a good example of a Sidney Williams and Co prefabricated building and the company made at least two other AIM hospitals. These buildings were considered ideal for use in remote inland Australia because of ease of transportation and erection, and durability.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Located in remote south-western Queensland, the former AIM hospital, Birdsville was a place of essential community function upon which people relied, leading to special attachment not only for the Diamantina Shire community but those living beyond Queenslands border. The significance of its community association is evidenced by the Australia-wide fund-raising campaign and subsequent attendance and interest in the buildings opening in 1953. The opening was witnessed not only by shire residents, but also by media from Brisbane and filmed by Fox Movietone for the documentary "Diamantina Drama". The hospital served as a health facility for 52 years.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former AIM Hospital, Birdsville has a special association with the Presbyterian Church&#39;s Australian Inland Mission founded by the Rev. Dr John Flynn, which has made an important contribution to the development of medical and community services to inland Queensland since 1923. For 52 years this hospital provided medical services to remote Queensland communities in conjunction with the Royal Flying Doctor Service.</p><br>
<p>Killamery Cross is a 9th-century high cross and National Monument in Killamery, County Kilkenny, Ireland. It is located in the north of Killamery graveyard.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A monastery was established at Killamery by St Gobhan, a disciple of Saint Fursey, in AD 632. The Killamery High cross is part of the western Ossory group of crosses, used as a model for many of the small high crosses sold across the world as an Irish symbol.</p><br>
<p>Locals formerly touched the cross&#39;s capstone to cure headaches.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cross stands 3.65 m high. It is richly sculptured on the shaft with marigold flowers carved on it. There is a boss in the middle of the wheel-head that is surrounded by interlacing snakes and, above the boss, an open-mouthed dragon, giving it the name of the Snake-Dragon Cross.</p><br>
<p>The western face has a sun swastika at the centre and also depicts Adam and Eve, a stag hunt and a chariot procession. On top of the cross is a gabled cap-stone. Noah and John the Baptist are depicted. On the base an inscription reads, "a prayer for Máel Sechnaill", who was high king of Ireland in 846–862.</p><br>
<h3>Other artefacts</h3><br>
<p>There is also a cross-slab of an earlier date the inscription, "Pray for the soul of Áedáin". Two bullaun stones can also be seen. There is also a holy well, St Goban&#39;s Well.</p><br>
<p>The Lampson School is a historic school building at 44 Summer Road in New Haven, Vermont. Built in 1868, it is a prominent example of Italianate architecture, donated to the town by one of its native sons, Curtis Lampson. It served as a public school until 1940, and was afterward converted to residential use. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Lampson School occupies a prominent site in the village of New Haven Mills, bounded on the south by Summer Road, the east by River Road, and the northeast by East Street. It is set on a rise, facing east toward River Road and the New Haven River. It is a two-story wood frame structure, with a T-shaped footprint consisting of a north-south main block and a center projection to the east, all resting on a stone foundation and sheathed in clapboards. The roof sections are gabled, with paired brackets in the eaves, and an open cupola with round-arch openings at the center of the roof. Windows are generally tall round-topped sash, and the original main building entrances are located on the sides of the eastern projection. The interior retains most of its original materials and finishes, despite a nearly 50-year period in which some were covered by other materials.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1868 as a district school, and is one of Vermont&#39;s most architecturally distinguished district schools of the period. The school was funded by Sir Curtis Lampson, a native of New Haven Mills who is best known for overseeing the laying of the first transatlantic telegraph cable. The school served the community until about 1940, and was sold to a private developer in 1951. It was converted to a two-family residence, adding dropped ceilings and wall dividers that retained most of its original interior finishes. These alterations were reversed in the late 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The Randolph Center Historic District encompasses the historic early town center of Randolph, Vermont. Established in 1783, it was later eclipsed by Randolph Village, which developed around the town&#39;s main railroad depot. The village now has a distinguished array of late 18th and early 19th-century architecture, and is home to an academic campus now housing the Vermont Technical College. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The central Vermont town of Randolph was founded in 1783, with its civic center located on the crest of north-south ridge near the geographic center of the town. The ridge is traversed by Main Street (part of which is designated Vermont Route 66), and the village became an important stop on the stagecoach route between Boston, Massachusetts and Montreal. The village flourished, housing a number of industries, until the mid-19th century, when the Central Vermont Railroad was built further to the west. Since then, the economic and civic centers migrated to the area of the railroad depot, now known as Randolph Village. The center became more of a residential nexus, although it also benefited from the presence of an academic campus established in 1804. Originally housing the Randolph Academy, it is now home to the Vermont Technical College.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along Main Street, roughly from Furnace Street in the north to South Randolph Street in the south. The district is mainly residential in character with Federal and Greek Revival houses of wood and brick. Notable exceptions including the historic wood-frame dormitory (now used for other purposes) at the front of the Vermont Technical College Campus, most of which consists of modern buildings and is excluded. At the southern end of the district stand the Congregational Church (1798, restyled in 1838 into the Greek Revival and Gothic Revival), a former Methodist Church building (1881), and the 1903 community school building.</p><br>
<p>Maplewood, also known as the David C. Voorhees House or the John A. Voorhees House, was a historic building overlooking Burnt Hill Road at Rock Brook in Montgomery Township, Somerset County, New Jersey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 24, 2000.</p><br>
<p>It was destroyed by fire on November 19, 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1845 by John A. Voorhees as a farmhouse. When he died in 1876, it passed to his son David C. Voorhees. At this time the house was known as Maplewood. When he died in 1898, the farm was sold to the State of New Jersey to be used as the New Jersey State Village for Epileptics. Maplewood then became the Superintendent&#39;s Residence of the Village.</p><br>
<p>Maudlin Castle is a tower house which formed part of a medieval hospital and National Monument located in Kilkenny, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Maudlin Castle is located on Maudlin Street, Kilkenny City, just north of the Nore and to the east of Kilkenny College.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Leprosy arrived in Ireland in the 10th or 11th century. Many leper houses were dedicated to Mary Magdalene because of the association between her and sexual excess and prostitution, which were incorrectly associated with leprosy.</p><br>
<p>The Hospital of St. Mary Magdalene in Kilkenny was opened some time before 1327 (perhaps by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke in the early 13th century) and it quickly became one of the main leper houses in medieval Ireland. It was on the edge of the city and surrounded by high walls. Entrance was controlled through a gatehouse. It also had a chapel, graveyard and 50 acres of farmland. This hospital had a long association with St. John&#39;s Priory, Kilkenny.</p><br>
<p>The surviving tower house was built in the early 16th century. The hospital was dissolved in the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Maudlin Castle was described as ‘a small castle roofed with tiles, which was built for the defence of the lepers and dwellers in the suburbs, this is now empty and worth nothing’.</p><br>
<p>There is a</p><br>
<p>reference in 1628 to a ‘town ditch’ near St. Mary&#39;s Church, so there may have been a moat beyond the gate. The hospital was gifted to Kilkenny Corporation by</p><br>
<p>Charles I.</p><br>
<p>The hospital also served as a "retirement home" for rich families like the Rothes, Langtons and Shees. Archaeological digs on the street indicate a diet of beef, mutton, bacon and wildfowl.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The tower is 25 m and four storeys high, with a stair turret continuing up to the battlements. The base has a pronounced batter.</p><br>
<p>Royal Hotel is a heritage-listed former hotel, former hospital and now ruin at Adelaide Street, Birdsville, Shire of Diamantina, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was later known as Australian Inland Mission Hospital, AIM Hostel, and Birdsville Nursing Home. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This singled-storeyed sandstone building is thought to have been erected as the Royal Hotel, Birdsville.</p><br>
<p>Although European explorers had passed through the Diamantina district in the 1840s and early 1860s, pastoralists did not occupy this semi-arid region until the mid-1870s when a number of pastoral runs were established. In the early 1880s the towns of Birdsville and Bedourie were established to service the newly taken up pastoral holdings of the Diamantina. Birdsville is reputed to have sprung up around a rough depot constructed by general merchant Matthew Flynn in the late 1870s at the site of the present town. It was then known as the Diamantina Crossing and was on the stock route from Boulia south to Adelaide. By mid-1885, when the township of Birdsville was officially surveyed, a number of buildings had already been erected including a police lock-up (1883), Groths Royal Hotel, Blairs Birdsville Hotel, Curtain&#39;s Tattersalls Hotel, and at least 3 stores and a shop. Diamantina Shire was established in 1883, and its headquarters were at Birdsville until moved to Bedourie in 1953.</p><br>
<p>The name Birdsville was not adopted until the 1885 survey, and is thought to have been suggested by Robert Frew, owner of Pandie Pandie Station, who also had a store and shop at the Diamantina Crossing, in reference to the profuse bird life of the district. The township, over 1,000 miles west of Brisbane and 7 miles north of the Queensland-South Australian border, developed as an administrative centre for police and border customs. Nearly all the trade of the town was with Adelaide, and it became an important marshalling point for cattle being driven south to markets in South Australia. By 1889 the population of Birdsville was 110, and the town had 2 general stores, 3 hotels, a police station, school, 2 blacksmith shops, 2 bakers, a cordial manufacturer, bootmaker, saddler, auctioneer & commission agent, and a number of residences. The population peaked in 1895 at 220.</p><br>
<p>Almost all the buildings in the town were of local sandstone, there being no local timber available. Distance and the lack of good access roads or a railway created prohibitively high transportation costs, so imported building materials were kept to a minimum. Architecturally, the old stone buildings of Birdsville reflect the associations of the town with the entire central "strip" of the Australian continent. Similar buildings are found as far south as Robe in South Australia and as far north as Boulia in Queensland. They are of significance for their illustration of a vernacular style that spread throughout central Australia, across South Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland. The origin of the style is unknown, but the architectural characteristics are immediately identifiable: built of locally quarried stone with wide verandahs, they efficiently control the extremes of temperature in the hot arid interior of the continent.</p><br>
<p>The earliest section of the Royal Hotel is likely to have been constructed in 1883, as the first license for this hotel was issued to Alfred William Tucker in that year. In 1885 Tucker transferred the license to Johann H Groth, and on the official survey plan of 1885, the building is marked as Groth&#39;s hotel. On 25 January 1886, Groth secured his holding by the purchase of the allotment on which the hotel was located, for £260, and the unimproved allotment adjoining this to the south, for £10. Each block comprised 2 roods. Title to both blocks passed from Groth in 1898, but the building continued to function as an hotel under several proprietors and licensees until the early 1920s. Mrs Alice Maude Scott was the licensee and later owner from until at least 1920, when title passed to Harry Afford, station manager of Birdsville.</p><br>
<p>From 1923 to 1937, the Royal Hotel buildings were leased by the Presbyterian Australian Inland Mission (AIM) as their first bush nursing home, or hostel. It was staffed by two nursing sisters, the first two arriving in September 1923. At that time the main building consisted of 6 rooms and was unfurnished. A 1926 photograph shows that parts of two walls of a stone shed at the rear of the hostel had collapsed by this date, and was nicknamed the "Hole in the Wall Hospital Store". A photograph shows an old shed of corrugated iron also at the rear of the main hostel building.</p><br>
<p>At that period the AIM was headed by the Rev. Dr John Flynn, who was working toward establishing a flying doctor and air ambulance service for remote central Australia. Such a service could only operate efficiently if it could be contacted quickly, so Flynn experimented with radio as a means of communicating between isolated station properties, the Missions string of bush hostels (ultimately 13), and the flying doctor/air ambulance. In 1925 he undertook various radio experiments throughout central Australia, including an early attempt at receiving/transmitting from the AIM Hostel in Birdsville. However, it was not until 1929, with Alfred Traegers invention of the pedal radio, that reliable radio communications were possible for the bush. In September 1929, Traeger installed at the AIM&#39;s Birdsville Hostel one of 6 experimental "transceivers" linked to pedal generators, the others being placed at 4 head stations in far western Queensland and at the Aboriginal Mission at Mornington Island, with base station VJI established at Cloncurry. For the first 18 months, communication was by Morse code, but the system proved enormously popular, and soon revolutionised outback communications. Importantly, Birdsville became reliably connected to the station properties in the Diamantina district, and with the new Aerial Medical Service, established by Flynn in 1928 under the auspices of the AIM, and based at Cloncurry.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, nursing sisters Edna McLean and Amy Bishop of the AIMs Birdsville Hostel introduced a system of early morning radio calls to the station women in the Diamantina district who had access to radio. It proved highly popular, and although indecorously dubbed the "Galah Session", is credited with being Australias first radio talk-back program. Birdsville VKK became the "Voice of the Diamantina Country". In 1937 the AIM relinquished the former Royal Hotel premises in Birdsville and moved to a new, purpose-designed hostel (the Australian Inland Mission Hospital, Birdsville) just down the road. The old sandstone building was subsequently used for residential purposes, then abandoned, and later partially collapsed. Some restoration work was carried out in 1984, when sections of the collapsed walls were partly reconstructed. Further substantial stabilisation and restoration work was undertaken in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site occupies an area of approximately 0.2 hectares and is located on the southeast corner of Adelaide and Frew Streets in Birdsville. It faces Adelaide Street, the main street in town, along a 40-metre frontage.</p><br>
<p>The hotel complex was at some period substantially larger than is indicated by the remaining buildings on the site. Remnants of the footings of some earlier stone buildings are in evidence, as is an unusual paving of upturned stoneware bottles. There is also some evidence of footings of timber structures on the site.</p><br>
<p>The remaining building on the site is a single-storeyed, L-shaped stone structure roofed partially with corrugated iron. It has corrugated iron roofed verandahs supported on bush timber posts on the two street elevations. There is some evidence that an earlier verandah was attached to the building face by a timber plate fixed to the stone walling. A false fascia wired to the verandah bressumer shows evidence of original sign writing. On the north fascia this reads: Best Brands - ROYAL HOTEL- Ales, Wines, Spirits, etc. On the west fascia part of the word ROYAL can be deciphered. Despite the collapse of parts of this structure, the original planning and detail remains. It is possible to locate original door and window openings and to determine original finishes, fittings and detail and to deduce the stages in which the building may be been constructed. Walls are laid either as random rubble, or as squared rubble built to courses, both of which use an exceptionally soft mortar. The walls are rendered internally and may also have been rendered externally at some period.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the main building are the remains of footings of a stone building originally attached to the main structure by a covered way. To the east are remnants of a further extension of the large room to the southern wing. At the eastern side of the site are footings of a series of stone cellular structures which may have been an accommodation wing.</p><br>
<p>Closer to the main building is evidence of a more recent small timber and corrugated iron structure, which may have been a bathroom.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Royal Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Royal Hotel at Birdsville, erected, survives as an important link with the earliest pastoral settlement in the Diamantina district of far western Queensland. As the Australian Inland Mission&#39;s Nursing Home from 1923 to 1937, it has national significance as the first in a string of such bush hospitals in central Australia and is associated with the earliest outback radio communication and the provision of the Flying Doctor Service. Such medical facilities revolutionised life in remote central Australia in the 1920s and 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Royal Hotel/Australian Inland Mission Hospital is one of only three surviving masonry buildings in Birdsville, the others being the Birdsville Hotel and the police station and courthouse. These contribute significantly to the historic character of the town which, in the last quarter of the 20th century, became a major Queensland tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a vernacular style of masonry construction that spread throughout central Australia, across South Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland in the late 19th century, efficiently controlling the extremes of temperature in the hot, arid interior of the continent, and compensating for the lack of locally-available timber.</p><br>
<p>As the former Royal Hotel, the place has the potential, through archaeological and documentary research, to reveal important information about the design, form and function of far western Queensland hotel complexes of this period, and about the people who erected such buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>In form and detail it has aesthetic qualities valued by the community and is important in defining the Birdsville townscape.</p><br>
<p>Birdsville Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at Burt Street, Birdsville, Shire of Diamantina, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This singled-storeyed sandstone building was erected as the Birdsville Hotel, Birdsville, for publican William Blair. Although European explorers had passed through the Diamantina district in the 1840s and early 1860s, pastoralists did not occupy this semi-arid region until the mid-1870s. Annandale, Pandie Pandie, Glengyle and Roseberth were taken up in 1876; Sandringham, Cacoory and Haddon Downs in 1877; and Dubbo Downs in 1878. Monkira, Mt Leonard, Cluny and Coorabulka were other early holdings.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1880s the towns of Birdsville and Bedourie were established to service the newly taken up pastoral holdings of the Diamantina. Reputedly, a merchant named Matthew Flynn, who carried stores for the stations, built a rough depot in the late 1870s at the site of the present town of Birdsville, then known as the Diamantina Crossing, on the stock route from Boulia south to Adelaide. By mid-1885, when the township of Birdsville was officially surveyed, a number of buildings had been erected at the Diamantina Crossing, including a police lock-up (1883), Groths Royal Hotel, Blairs Birdsville Hotel, Curtain&#39;s Tattersalls Hotel, and at least 3 stores and 1 shop. Diamantina Shire was established in 1883, and its headquarters were at Birdsville until moved to Bedourie in 1953.</p><br>
<p>The name Birdsville was not adopted until the 1885 survey, and is thought to have been suggested by Robert Frew, owner of Pandie Pandie Station, who also had a store and shop at the Diamantina Crossing, in reference to the profuse bird life of the district.</p><br>
<p>Birdsville, over 1,000 miles west of Brisbane and 7 miles north of the Queensland-South Australian border, developed as an administrative centre for police and border customs. Nearly all the trade of the town was with Adelaide, and it became an important marshalling point for cattle being driven south to markets in South Australia. By 1889 the population of Birdsville was 110, and the town had 2 general stores, 3 hotels, a police station, school, 2 blacksmith shops, 2 bakers, a cordial manufacturer, bootmaker, saddler, auctioneer & commission agent, and a number of residences. The population peaked in 1895 at 220.</p><br>
<p>Almost all the buildings in the town were of local sandstone, there being no local timber available. Distance and the lack of good access roads or a railway created prohibitively high transportation costs, so imported building materials were kept to a minimum.</p><br>
<p>The earliest section of the Birdsville Hotel is likely to have been constructed in 1883 (possibly from stone quarried at a site about 16 kilometres from the town), as the first license for this hotel was issued to William Blair in that year. On the official Birdsville town survey plan of mid-1885, the building is marked as Wm Blair&#39;s hotel. On 24 February 1886, Blair purchased from the Crown, for £206, the allotment at the corner of Adelaide and Burt streets which contained the hotel. A month earlier he had bought for £12 the allotment at the rear, which contained a fenced yard and had frontages to Burt & Graham streets; also an unimproved allotment adjacent to this, fronting Graham Street, for £8. Each block comprised 2 roods.</p><br>
<p>Following Blair&#39;s death in 1898, title to all three blocks passed to Queensland Trustees (Charles H Morton was the licensee during this period), then to the Hayden family in 1912, the Gaffney family in 1918, and the Dixon family in 1947. The building continues to function as a hotel, and has become nationally famous. With its longevity, romantic remoteness, and as a focus for festivities associated with the annual Birdsville Races, the Birdsville Hotel has become an outback icon.</p><br>
<p>It is understood that in 1905 a cyclone destroyed all of the structures on the site other than those constructed in stone. In 1964 the southeast corner of the building collapsed, also as a result of a cyclone. This section was reconstructed -91, although not to original detail. A fire destroyed the front bar, also in 1964; this has been rebuilt. The major changes to the building have been the replacement of the front verandah, additions to the northern end, and reconstruction of the southeast section. Internally, no original finishes appear to exist as the floors have been laid in slate, walls plastered and painted, and ceilings altered. The building however retains its essential character.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Birdsville Hotel is a single-storeyed building constructed of local stone rendered and scribed. It has elevations to Burt and Adelaide Streets and the corner of the building at the street intersections has been truncated marking the original main entrance. The hipped roof is clad with corrugated iron and is concealed by a low masonry parapet raised at the corner to carry the words "Birdsville Hotel" and "Established 1884". An awning of corrugated iron supported by timber posts and decorated by a scalloped timber valance runs along the street elevations and is also truncated at the corner. Quoining at the windows and doors is picked out in a dark colour, as it has been since at least the 1920s. There are extensive modern additions including a beer garden and extra bars.</p><br>
<p>Across the road from the hotel (-25.899241&deg; latitude, 139.351496&deg; longitude) is a monument to Augustus Poeppel, who surveyed the borders between Queensland and South Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Birdsville Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Birdsville Hotel, erected, survives as an important link with the earliest establishment of pastoral settlement in the Diamantina district of far western Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is rare as one of only three surviving masonry buildings in Birdsville, the others being the former Royal Hotel and the 1888-90 police station and courthouse. These contribute significantly to the historic character of the town which, in the last quarter of the 20th century, became a principal Queensland tourist attraction. The Birdsville Hotel is also a rare surviving late 19th century outback hotel, and besides being important in illustrating its type, also has the potential, through physical investigation and documentary research, to reveal important information about the design, form and function of far western Queensland hotel complexes of this period, and about the people who erected such buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Birdsville Hotel is also a rare surviving late 19th century outback hotel, and besides being important in illustrating its type, also has the potential, through physical investigation and documentary research, to reveal important information about the design, form and function of far western Queensland hotel complexes of this period, and about the people who erected such buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Birdsville Hotel is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a vernacular style of masonry construction that spread throughout central Australia, across South Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland in the late 19th century, efficiently controlling the extremes of temperature in the hot, arid interior of the continent, and compensating for the lack of locally-available timber.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is rare as one of only three surviving masonry buildings in Birdsville, the others being the former Royal Hotel and the 1888-90 police station and courthouse. These contribute significantly to the historic character of the town which, in the last quarter of the 20th century, became a principal Queensland tourist attraction. The place has aesthetic value, and is important in defining the Birdsville townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Birdsville Hotel has social value as an outback cultural icon of national significance, a place that has become part of central Australian legend.</p><br>
<p>The House at 215 School Street in Shoreham, Vermont is probably the town&#39;s oldest surviving house. The modest single-story Cape was built about 1795, probably by Job Lane Howe, a prominent regional master builder who was a cousin to Oliver Howe, the early town settler for whom it was built. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>215 School Street is located just south of the town common, on the east side of School Street southeast of its junction with Oliver Howe Court. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame Cape style structure, with a gabled roof, shingled exterior, and stone foundation. A single-bay attached garage is set back on the right side. The main facade is asymmetrical, with four window bays and the main entrance located to the right of the leftmost window. The door is an original four-panel door. The interior retains a significant number of original features, include plaster walls with wainscoting, doors with strap hinges, and the original massive chimney base in the cellar. (The original chimney was replaced in the 19th century with a narrower brick one.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1795 on a lot assigned to Oliver Howe in the early layout of the town center. It was probably built by Howe&#39;s cousin, Job Howe, who is a period builder well known for more high style Federal period houses in the region. The house was owned for many years by members of the locally prominent Bush family, and underwent a major restoration in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The South Newbury Village Historic District encompasses the surviving elements of a small industrial village in southern Newbury, Vermont. It includes five residences and several outbuildings, most of which are agricultural in character, representing the area&#39;s shift in use in the 20th century. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The village of South Newbury consists of a small collection of residences and some associated outbuildings. It is located at the junction of Doe Lane and Doe Hill Road, the latter being a former alignment of United States Route 5, which now runs just to the east of the village. Four of the five houses are clustered at the junction, while the fifth, part of a farm complex, is located a short way to the south. The houses are unusually architecturally diverse for such a small collection, in some cases combining elements of different styles. Two of the houses in particular were built in the early 19th century as Federal style houses, and have substantial Italianate elements that were added later.</p><br>
<p>South Newbury is one of the first places to be settled in the town of Newbury. The early residents were drawn to the area by the rich farmlands of the Connecticut River floodplain, and by the water power offered by Hall&#39;s Brook, which descends to the river east of the district. The first mill on the brook was built in 1764, and in the 19th century several mills lined its banks, all since destroyed either by fires or spring floods. The village also benefited as a stop on the stagecoach route that ran along the river. Development was effectively arrested when the new alignment of US 5 bypassed the area.</p><br>
<p>The West Hartford Bridge is a steel deck girder bridge carrying Town Highway 14  across the White River in the village of West Hartford, Vermont. It was built by the town with state assistance in 2006, replacing a Parker through truss bridge built by the state after Vermont&#39;s devastating 1927 floods. The 1929 bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>The West Hartford Bridge is located near the southern end of the linear village of West Hartford, stretched out along Vermont Route 14 several miles upriver (north) from White River Junction, Hartford&#39;s economic hub. The bridge provides a connection between West Hartford and the village of Quechee to the south, and historically provided access to other parts of West Hartford village which were washed away in the 1927 floods. The bridge crosses the river in an east-west orientation.</p><br>
<h2>Historic bridges</h2><br>
<p>The 1929 bridge was a Parker through truss structure, built out of rolled steel I-beams riveted together. It was virtually identical to the bridge in Sharon, several miles upriver, which was built about the same time. It was 220 ft long and 21.3 ft wide, with poured concrete abutments. The 1927 floods, the worst in the state&#39;s history, washed away all of the bridges along the White River downstream from Rochester, in the foothills of the Green Mountains. This bridge and that in Sharon were part of a massive building program orchestrated with federal, state, and local funds, that saw the construction of about 1,600 bridges in the space of a few years.</p><br>
<p>Coolhill Castle is a keep  and National Monument located in County Kilkenny, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Coolhill Castle is located 2.1 km northeast of The Rower, on a cliff overlooking the Barrow.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Coolhill Castle was built c. the 13th century. Henry de Rupe (de Roache, Roche) held lands at Coolhill in 1318. Art Óg mac Murchadha Caomhánach held the castle briefly during one of his campaigns. In the 1600s, about 30 de Rupe retainers were massacred at Rosbercon by English soldiers under De La Poer. The castle passed to the Mountgarret family in 1621 and was confiscated by the Roundheads in 1652.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The castle consists of two towers: one, a circular keep, and the other, a square demesne tower located to the east.</p><br>
<p>The keep has a small southerly projection. The north doorway is protected by a machicolation and there is another to the east. A murder-hole guards the double entrance.</p><br>
<p>A mural helical stairway leads to the upper floors. The ground floor room has large alcoves. It has a vaulted ceiling with some wicker-marks. There are three storeys above the vault. There is a fireplace on the second floor. The third floor contains a fireplace, garderobe and separate stairs to the roof. There are single-light, round and cross-shaped loopholes.</p><br>
<p>Lake Maurice  is a salt lake in South Australia. It is the largest of many salt lakes in the eastern end of the Great Victoria Desert. It is normally dry, except during and after periods of heavy rainfall. When it is full, the lake covers an area of around 2,900 hectare. It is part of the geological basin known as the Officer Basin. The smaller Lake Dey Dey is to the north. Since 1985, Lake Maurice is part of the lands belonging to the Maralinga Tjarutja, a southern branch of the Pitjantjatjara. The community of Oak Valley is near the western shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The exposed surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt or sand, covered with a salty crust. The area around Lake Maurice is very dry. Two wells have been drilled to the southeast and northwest of Lake Maurice, to search for uranium and other minerals. Both wells yield very low levels of groundwater. The water contains high levels of salt. It has also been found to contain radium and sediments from the Cambrian era. The elevation of the surface above mean sea level is 193 m.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake is named after the explorer Richard Maurice. Maurice went on at least eight expeditions to the Great Victoria Desert between 1897 and 1903. He was not the first European to pass through this region: Ernest Giles and his team had explored the area almost 20 years before. Giles saw the lake in 1875, but he did not give it a name. He described the area as barren, and wrote that he and his team found no game between Lake Maurice and the Western Australian border. Maurice, in his own expeditions, recorded information and collected specimens on the plants, animals and geology of the area. In 1904, a mining surveyor named Frank George led a prospecting expedition through this region. He used Maurice&#39;s camels and equipment and travelled northwest of Lake Dey Dey and across the border to the salt lakes in Western Australia. George named Lake Maurice, and he reported that the area was not likely to contain anything suitable for mining.</p><br>
<p>The area around Lake Maurice was affected by the nuclear-weapon tests done during the 1950s. Dozens of Aboriginal families were removed from their ancestral lands and settled in towns far to the north (Ernabella), south (Yalata and Ooldea) and west (Cundeelee and Warburton). In the late 1940s, a single officer, Walter MacDougall, was sent to warn people in the area of the coming tests. The fallout from the hydrogen bombs was expected to harm or kill anyone within range. Officially, all were forced to leave their lands and were not allowed within 200 km of ground zero. Given that only one officer and an assistant were assigned to warn the people who lived across this huge area, many of the people were never informed, nor did they leave the area. Planes dropped information leaflets across the area, but the natives could not read the leaflets and were wary or afraid of the aircraft.</p><br>
<p>Mount Curdie is a mountain in the Northern Territory of Australia, with an altitude of 958 m. It is the highest peak in the Curdie Range, which is a section of the Petermann Ranges. The mountain is located on the southern bank of the Hull River, about 40 km southeast of Kaḻṯukatjara. The Great Central Road passes nearby to the north. At the base of the mountain is the valley through which the Hull River flows. The valley contains a place known to local Aboriginal people as Tjunti, where Lasseter&#39;s Cave is located.</p><br>
<p>Ernest Giles named Mount Curdie on 13 March 1874, during his first journey through the Petermann Ranges. He named it after Dr Daniel Curdie, a subscriber to Giles&#39; fund for his expedition. After climbing to the top of Mount Curdie, Giles also gave names to other peaks in the Petermann Ranges, including Mounts Fagan and Miller further to the east.</p><br>
<p>Mount Currie is a mountain in the southwest of the Northern Territory, Australia, with an elevation of 564 m. It is part of the same line of conglomerate hills that includes Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa. These three formations have very similar compositions. The sheet of conglomerate that is shared by all three is called Mount Currie Conglomerate.</p><br>
<p>The peak was named Mount Currie by the explorer William H. Tietkens, who led an expedition through the area in 1889. He named the peak from a distance, and did not actually approach it. The first European colonial explorers to reach Mount Currie was the expedition funded and led by Richard Thelwell Maurice during their journey from Fowlers Bay in South Australia to the Cambridge Gulf in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia. The expedition reached and camped at Mount Currie on the 8th July 1902 climbing the largest domes and taking readings and measurements. The area was also visited by the Mackay Expedition in June 1926, which was led by Donald Mackay and Herbert Basedow.</p><br>
<p>The Hoag Gristmill and Knight House Complex is a former industrial site on State Prison Hollow Road in Starksboro, Vermont. With an industrial history dating to the 1790s, the surviving mill and c. 1820s house are an important reminder of the town&#39;s early industrial history. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hoag Gristmill and Knight House stand in a gorge created by Lewis Creek in rural northwestern Starksboro. The former mill building stands close to the north side of State Prison Hollow Road, perched on a substantial two-story stone base between the road and the creek. It has a wood-frame gabled half story, the result of an 1896 reconstruction after a fire. The base is one of the surviving elements of a gristmill established in the 1790s by Joseph Hoag, a prominent Quaker leader in the region. Other elements of the mill site, including a dam and penstock, have been washed away by floods. The building is currently used as a residence.</p><br>
<p>Also on the north side of State Prison Hollow Road, but across Lewis Creek and east of the mill, stands the Knight House. Built in the 1820s, its main block is a vernacular five-bay Cape, with attached 1-1/2 story ells at its northern end. Its most distinctive feature is its entry, which features a four-panel door with a hand-forged doorhandle and semicircular transom window. The interior of the house has vernacular Greek Revival woodwork. Its earliest documented owner, Benjamin Knight, operated a carding mill that once stood nearby, and was for a time owned by the family operating the Hoag mill. Both buildings underwent a significant restoration in the mid-20th century.</p><br>
<p>The West Woodstock Bridge is a historic steel bridge, carrying Mill Road across the Ottauquechee River in the village of West Woodstock, Vermont. Built in 1900, it is the oldest documented Pennsylvania through truss bridge in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The West Woodstock Bridge stands just north of Woodstock Union High School, spanning the Ottauquechee River east of USA Route 4 (US 4) in an east–west orientation. It is a single-span Pennsylvania through truss, a variant of the Pratt truss with additional vertical members, and its elements are connected by pins instead of rivets. It is 174 ft in length, and rests on rubblestone abutments. It is 16.3 ft wide, carrying two lanes of traffic, and has a portal height of 14.4 ft. The deck consists of rolled I-beam stringers with wooden flooring. Elements of bridge exhibit modest Victorian styling.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was fabricated by the Groton Manufacturing Company of New York, and is one of two bridges in the state known to be manufactured by them. The company had originally offered the town an already-built structure intended for a different location in New York at a discount price, but was forced to build a new structure at a loss when the first was retained by the first municipality at a different location. The bridge abutments are believed to stand on foundations dating to 1789.</p><br>
<p>The Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Building is a historic American Civil War memorial building at 363 Main Street in West Newbury, Massachusetts. Built in 1900, it is a distinctive local example of Gothic Revival architecture. It has served as a meeting place for veterans organizations  and housed the local public library for 12 years. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Building is located in the central village area of West Newbury on the south side of Main Street (Massachusetts Route 113 a short way west of the town offices. It is a two-story brick building with a gabled roof and an octagonal tower at the right front corner. The tower faces has Gothic-arched windows on two levels, and is topped by a crenellated parapet. The main entrance is at the center of the front facade, deeply recessed in a tall arched opening that extends into the gable area, with a multipart Gothic window above. A two-part Gothic window is set to the left of the entrance, and there is a small Gothic window at the peak of the gable.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built in 1900 to a design by Henry W. Gore, an architect from Braintree, Massachusetts. It is one of three documented Gothic buildings in West Newbury. It was funded by a bequest from Moses Warren Edwards, a lifelong town resident who sought to establish a memorial to the town&#39;s participants in the American Civil War, and to provide a space for its public library. The hall was first occupied by the local chapter of the Grand Army of the Republic, and was turned over to the Charles Boyd American Legion post in 1923. The library was housed in the building between 1927 and 1939, in a rent-free arrangement between the post and the town. The building continues to serve as a local meeting point, mainly for local veterans organizations.</p><br>
<p>Kells Castle or Kells Motte is a motte-and-bailey and National Monument in Kells, County Kilkenny, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Kells Castle is located just south of the Kells Bridge which crosses the Kings River, immediately behind Delaney&#39;s Bar.</p><br>
<h2>History and archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Motte-and-bailey castles were a primitive type of castle built after the Norman invasion, a mound of earth topped by a wooden palisade and tower. Kells motte was built on a gravel platform (possibly originally an island in the Kings River) by Geoffrey FitzRobert in the late 12th century. It was an important site for extending Norman colonisation and economic exploitation in the region, which was formerly the Gaelic Irish Kingdom of Osraige. It was abandoned by the following century when the focus of the town shifted to the bailey, and later to Kells Priory.</p><br>
<p>Birdsville Courthouse is a heritage-listed courthouse at Adelaide Street, Birdsville, Shire of Diamantina, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by the Queensland Department of Works and built from 1888 to 1890 by J Wookey and Henry Walton. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Birdsville Courthouse was erected between 1888 and 1890 and is part of a police and judiciary complex which continues in use to the present day, although other buildings on the reserve have been constructed and removed over time.</p><br>
<p>Although European explorers had passed through the Diamantina district in the 1840s and early 1860s, pastoralists did not occupy this semi-arid region until the mid-1870s. Annandale, Pandie Pandie, Glengyle, and Roseberth were taken up in 1876; Sandringham, Carcory and Haddon Downs in 1877; and Dubbo Downs in 1878. Monkira, Mt Leonard, Cluny, and Coorabulka were other early holdings.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1880s, the towns of Birdsville and Bedourie were established to service the newly taken up pastoral holdings. It is thought that a merchant named Matthew Flynn, who carried stores for the stations, built a rough depot in the late 1870s at the site of the present town of Birdsville. The place was then known as the Diamantina Crossing, on the stock route from Boulia south to Adelaide. In 1885, the township was officially surveyed and given the name of Birdsville, reputedly at the suggestion of Robert Frew, owner of Pandie Pandie Station, who also had a store and shop at the Diamantina Crossing, in reference to the profuse bird life of the district. Diamantina Shire was established in 1883, and its headquarters were at Birdsville until moved to Bedourie in 1953.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the town survey, several buildings had been erected including hotels, several stores, blacksmiths and a police lock-up. Almost all the buildings in the town were of local sandstone, there being no local timber available. Distance and the lack of good access roads or a railway created prohibitively high transportation costs, so imported building materials were kept to a minimum. The buildings in the area are also subject to storms and other climatic extremes.</p><br>
<p>Birdsville developed as an administrative centre for police and border customs. It is over 1,000 miles west of Brisbane and 7 miles north of the state border with South Australia and was one of 14 border posts established before Federation to maintain tariff walls between the colonies. Birdsville was on a major stock route down the Diamantina via Boulia and Bedourie to southern markets, and it became an important marshalling point for cattle being driven south to South Australia. Most of the town&#39;s trade was with Adelaide, and by 1889 the population of Birdsville was 110, and the town had 2 general stores, 3 hotels, a police station, school, 2 blacksmith shops, 2 bakers, a cordial manufacturer, bootmaker, saddler, auctioneer & commission agent, and a number of residences. The population peaked in 1895 at 220.</p><br>
<p>A courthouse was constructed by the Queensland Department of Works. Initially, the contract was let in 1888 to Henry Walton, for £840. By late 1889 this had been transferred to J Wookey, at the same price, but was in the event completed by Walton by the end of 1890. It was built on the police reserve and was part of a complex including a police station, lockup, tracker&#39;s quarters, and horse yards, although camels had also been used for police work in Birdsville since 1886.</p><br>
<p>Climatic conditions in the area are extreme, and in 1904 the police station building was "completely wrecked" in a violent storm. A 1928 sketch plan of the site shows the "ruins of the old police station" on the southwest corner of the site. In 1919 the cells built in 1906 were said to be falling apart, but are visible in photographs taken in the 1920s. On 14 February 1954, the cell block, by then no longer in use, was completely demolished by a whirlwind. A new cell and store block was built in 1958 to a similar plan with the addition of a garage to one side and was in use by 1959. In the intervening period, prisoners were restrained by handcuffing them to a chain in the yard.</p><br>
<p>In 1972 the lockup was said to be in poor condition. Two years later major repairs and repainting were carried out to the station, residence, and lockup. This included adding electric lighting and a shower to the cells to extend their useful life. A new police residence was built in 1980/1, but the old one continued to be used when needed, usually during the annual Birdsville Races. This event has become a major tourist attraction and even in 1982 was drawing crowds of 5,000 to the town. Extra police personnel are sent to Birdsville at this time to maintain order and to carry out crowd control duties. As there is only one hotel in the town, the old courthouse/police station provides accommodation.</p><br>
<p>In December 1985, a severe storm badly damaged the tracker&#39;s quarters at the rear of the station. This was a small structure clad in corrugated iron and lost sections of the wall and roof. At the time it was only being used for storage and permission was given for demolition in 1986.</p><br>
<p>A modern police station including cells and quarters was designed in 1987 and opened on 9 August 1988. The lockup survives and in 1995 permission was given to the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory at Nagoya University, Japan, to install scientific recording equipment in it.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse has changed little in form, although the verandahs have been built in and an extension containing a bathroom and laundry has been constructed on the northwest side adjoining the accommodation area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is on the eastern side of the reserve and is roughly L-shaped in form, combining a courtroom in one wing and offices/residential accommodation in the other. It is a single storey building, the core of which is constructed of local stone cut in blocks and painted, and which is roofed in corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>The courtroom is to the east and is surrounded on three sides by verandahs. The roof is hipped at the eastern end, and the roof extends over the verandahs and is supported on posts. The courtroom has a door, and two double hung sash windows to each long side and the main entrance is at the eastern end. The interior walls are plastered, and the bench is at the rear.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the courtroom are two rooms sharing a double chimney. These are connected to each other and open onto what was formerly a verandah, but has now been built in with weatherboard and has casement windows. To the north are rooms used as a bedroom, and a kitchen after the detached kitchen was removed. To the western side of the kitchen is an extension containing a toilet, bathroom and laundry. The walls of this are clad in corrugated iron. To the north of the kitchen, the second original verandah has also been built in. The new walls are clad with metal decking on the lower half with glass louvres above.</p><br>
<p>The old lockup is a simple masonry building with a gabled roof clad in corrugated iron. It has two rooms with a screened verandah and a store/garage to one side.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Birdsville Courthouse was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Birdsville Courthouse survives as an important link with the earliest establishment of pastoral settlement in the Diamantina district of far western Queensland and with Birdsville&#39;s pre-Federation role as a border post.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is rare as one of only three surviving masonry buildings in Birdsville, the others being the former Royal Hotel and the Birdsville Hotel. These contribute significantly to the historic character of the town which, in the last quarter of the 20th century, became a major Queensland tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Courthouse is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a vernacular style of masonry construction that spread throughout central Australia, across South Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland in the late 19th century, efficiently controlling the extremes of temperature in the hot, arid interior of the continent, and compensating for the lack of locally-available timber.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has aesthetic value, and is important in defining the Birdsville townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Birdsville court house has had a long connection with the people of the surrounding district as the focus for the administration of justice.</p><br>
